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<title>Transgender</title>

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Transgender

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Transsexual" title="Transsexual">Transsexual</a>. For the Crystal Castles song, see <a href="Transgender_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender (song)">Transgender (song)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Transgender</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:#aaa solid 1px"><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="Transgender_flag" title="Transgender flag">Transgender flag</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">

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</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Gender_modality" title="Gender modality">Gender modality</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li><li><a href="Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abbreviations</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/TG" class="extiw external" title="wikt:TG">TG</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/trans" class="extiw external" title="wikt:trans">trans</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subcategories</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">Trans woman</a></li><li><a href="Trans_man" title="Trans man">Trans man</a></li><li><a href="Non-binary" title="Non-binary">Non-binary and genderqueer</a><a href="#cite_note-disputed-2">[i]</a></li><li><a href="Gender_nonconformity" title="Gender nonconformity">Gender nonconformity</a><a href="#cite_note-disputed-2">[i]</a></li><li><a href="Third_gender" title="Third gender">Third gender</a><a href="#cite_note-disputed-2">[i]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Gender_symbol" title="Gender symbol">Symbol</a></th><td class="infobox-data"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:LightPink;">Other terms</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Associated terms</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Transsexual" title="Transsexual">Transsexual</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table class="infobox-subbox"></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: #aaa 1px solid;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">

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<li id="cite_note-disputed-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-disputed_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-disputed_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-disputed_2-2">c</a> <a href="#Terminology">By some definitions</a>

</li>

</ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="Outline_of_transgender_topics" title="Outline of transgender topics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image">     </td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above">

<div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Outline_of_transgender_topics" title="Outline of transgender topics">Outline</a></li><li><a href="Transgender_history" title="Transgender history">History</a></li><li><a href="Timeline_of_transgender_history" title="Timeline of transgender history">Timeline</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top: 0.35em;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: lavender; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.7em;">

<ul><li><a href="Androgyny#Gender_identity" title="Androgyny">Androgyne</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_in_Bugis_society" title="Gender in Bugis society">Bissu, Calabai, Calalai</a></li>

<li><a href="Balkan_sworn_virgins" title="Balkan sworn virgins">Burrnesha</a></li>

<li><a href="Cisgender" title="Cisgender">Cisgender</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_bender" title="Gender bender">Gender bender</a></li>

<li><a href="Hijra_(South_Asia)" title="Hijra (South Asia)">Hijra</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-binary_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-binary gender">Non-binary or genderqueer</a>

<ul><li><a href="Gender_fluidity" title="Gender fluidity">Gender fluidity</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kathoey" title="Kathoey">Kathoey</a></li>

<li><a href="Koekchuch" title="Koekchuch">Koekchuch</a></li>

<li><a href="Third_gender" title="Third gender">Third gender</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bakla" title="Bakla">Bakla</a></li>

<li><a href="Fa%CA%BBafafine" title="Faʻafafine">Faʻafafine</a></li>

<li><a href="Femminiello" title="Femminiello">Femminiello</a></li>

<li><a href="Khanith" title="Khanith">Khanith</a></li>

<li><a href="Mudoko_dako" title="Mudoko dako">Mudoko dako</a></li>

<li><a href="Mukhannath" title="Mukhannath">Mukhannath</a></li>

<li><a href="Travesti_(gender_identity)" title="Travesti (gender identity)">Travesti</a></li>

<li><a href="Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">Two-spirit</a></li>

<li><a href="Winkte" title="Winkte">Winkte</a></li>

<li><a href="X-gender" title="X-gender">X-gender</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Trans_man" title="Trans man">Trans man</a></li>

<li><a href="Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">Trans woman</a>

<ul><li><a href="Fakaleit%C4%AB" title="Fakaleitī">Fakaleitī</a></li>

<li>

<ul><li><a href="Transgender_youth" title="Transgender youth">Youth</a></li>

<li><a href="Akava'ine" title="Akava'ine">Akava'ine</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Trans*" title="Trans*">Trans*</a>

<ul><li><a href="Transsexual" title="Transsexual">Transsexual</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: lavender; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Transgender_health_care" title="Transgender health care">Health care</a> practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.7em;">

<ul><li><a href="Gender_identity_clinic" title="Gender identity clinic">Gender clinic</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">Gender dysphoria</a>

<ul><li><a href="Gender_dysphoria_in_children" title="Gender dysphoria in children">in children</a></li>

<li><a href="Causes_of_gender_incongruence" title="Causes of gender incongruence">causes</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sex_assignment" title="Sex assignment">Sex assignment</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="Gender-affirming_hormone_therapy" title="Gender-affirming hormone therapy">Hormone therapy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Feminizing_hormone_therapy" title="Feminizing hormone therapy">feminizing</a></li>

<li><a href="Masculinizing_hormone_therapy" title="Masculinizing hormone therapy">masculinizing</a></li>

<li><a href="Puberty_blocker" title="Puberty blocker">Puberty-suppressing hormone therapy</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="Gender-affirming_surgery" title="Gender-affirming surgery">Gender-affirming surgery</a>

<ul><li><a href="Masculinizing_surgery" title="Masculinizing surgery">masculinizing</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminizing_surgery" title="Feminizing surgery">feminizing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Facial_feminization_surgery" title="Facial feminization surgery">Facial feminization surgery</a></li>

<li><a href="Facial_masculinization_surgery" title="Facial masculinization surgery">Facial masculinization surgery</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="Hair_removal" title="Hair removal">Hair removal</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgender_pregnancy" title="Transgender pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li>

<li><a href="Use_of_assisted_reproductive_technology_by_LGBTQ_people" title="Use of assisted reproductive technology by LGBTQ people">Assisted reproductive technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgender_voice_therapy" title="Transgender voice therapy">Voice therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Professional_Association_for_Transgender_Health" title="World Professional Association for Transgender Health">WPATH</a>

<ul><li><a href="Standards_of_Care_for_the_Health_of_Transgender_and_Gender_Diverse_People" title="Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People">Standards of Care</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="Transgender_health_care_misinformation" title="Transgender health care misinformation">Transgender health care misinformation</a></li></ul>

</div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: lavender; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Rights and <a href="Legal_status_of_transgender_people" title="Legal status of transgender people">legal status</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.7em;">

<ul><li><a href="Gender_self-identification" title="Gender self-identification">Gender self-identification</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_gender" title="Legal gender">Legal gender</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_recognition_of_non-binary_gender" title="Legal recognition of non-binary gender">Non-binary gender</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_personal_identity" title="Right to personal identity">Personal identity</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="Transgender_rights_movement" title="Transgender rights movement">Rights movement</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_transgender-rights_organizations" title="List of transgender-rights organizations">Organizations</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_transgender_political_office-holders" title="List of transgender political office-holders">Political office-holders</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_transgender_public_officeholders_in_the_United_States" title="List of transgender public officeholders in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="Transgender_asylum_seekers" title="Transgender asylum seekers">Asylum</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_status_of_gender-affirming_healthcare" title="Legal status of gender-affirming healthcare">Healthcare</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgender_people_and_military_service" title="Transgender people and military service">Military service</a>

<ul><li><a href="Transgender_personnel_in_the_South_Korean_military" title="Transgender personnel in the South Korean military">South Korea</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgender_personnel_in_the_United_States_military" title="Transgender personnel in the United States military">United States</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="LGBTQ_people_in_prison#Transgender_issues" title="LGBTQ people in prison">Prisons</a></li>

<li>Toilets

<ul><li><a href="Bathroom_bill" title="Bathroom bill">Bathroom bills</a></li>

<li><a href="Unisex_public_toilet" title="Unisex public toilet">Unisex</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-transgender_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anti-transgender movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-transgender movement in the United Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Discrimination</a>

<ul><li><a href="Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li>

<li><a href="Parental_rights_movement" title="Parental rights movement">Parental rights movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Transgender men</a></li>

<li><a href="Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism">Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary radical feminism</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgender_genocide" title="Transgender genocide">Genocide</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgender_inequality" title="Transgender inequality">Inequality</a></li>

<li><a href="Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Violence</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">Murders</a></li>

<li><a href="Trans_panic_defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans panic defense">Trans panic defense</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Yogyakarta_Principles" title="Yogyakarta Principles">Yogyakarta Principles</a></li></ul>

</div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: lavender; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Society and culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.7em;">

<div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Events and awareness</div>

<ul><li><a href="Transgender_Awareness_Week" title="Transgender Awareness Week">Awareness Week</a></li>

<li>Beauty pageants</li>

<li><a href="Transgender_Day_of_Remembrance" title="Transgender Day of Remembrance">Day of Remembrance</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Transgender_Day_of_Visibility" title="International Transgender Day of Visibility">Day of Visibility</a></li>

<li><a href="Trans_march" title="Trans march">March</a></li>

<hr>

<div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Culture</div>

<ul><li><a href="Terminology_of_transgender_anatomy" title="Terminology of transgender anatomy">Anatomical terminology</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_fictional_trans_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fictional trans characters">Fictional characters</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgender_literature" title="Transgender literature">Literature</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgender_culture_of_New_York_City" title="Transgender culture of New York City">Transgender culture of New York City</a></li>

<li><a href="Media_portrayals_of_transgender_people" title="Media portrayals of transgender people">Media portrayals</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_transgender_people" title="List of transgender people">People</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_non-binary_people" title="List of non-binary people">non-binary</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_transgender_publications" title="List of transgender publications">Publications</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgender_people_and_religion" title="Transgender people and religion">Religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgender_people_in_sports" title="Transgender people in sports">Sports</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_transgender_characters_in_television" title="List of transgender characters in television">Television</a></li></ul>

</div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: lavender; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Theory and concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.7em;">

<ul><li><a href="Androphilia_and_gynephilia" title="Androphilia and gynephilia">Androphilia and gynephilia</a></li>

<li><a href="Blanchard's_transsexualism_typology" title="Blanchard's transsexualism typology">Blanchard's typology</a></li>

<li><a href="Childhood_gender_nonconformity" title="Childhood gender nonconformity">Childhood gender nonconformity</a></li>

<li><a href="Cisgender" title="Cisgender">Cisgender / cissexual</a></li>

<li><a href="Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li>

<li><a href="Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">Cross-dressing</a></li>

<li><a href="Deadnaming" title="Deadnaming">Deadnaming</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">Gender binary</a></li>

<li><a href="Detransition" title="Detransition">Gender detransitioning</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_expression" title="Gender expression">Gender expression</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_transition" title="Gender transition">Gender transitioning</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_modality" title="Gender modality">Gender modality</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_nonconformity" title="Gender nonconformity">Gender nonconformity</a></li>

<li><a href="Questioning_(sexuality_and_gender)" title="Questioning (sexuality and gender)">Gender-sexuality questioning</a></li>

<li><a href="Postgenderism" title="Postgenderism">Postgenderism</a></li>

<li><a href="Rapid-onset_gender_dysphoria_controversy" title="Rapid-onset gender dysphoria controversy">Rapid-onset dysphoria</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgender_studies" title="Transgender studies">Studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics" title="Feminist views on transgender topics">views</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Transmedicalism" title="Transmedicalism">Transmedicalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li></ul>

</div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: lavender; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">By country</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.7em;">

<div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Rights</div>

<ul><li><a href="Transgender_rights_in_Argentina" title="Transgender rights in Argentina">Argentina</a>

<li><a href="Transgender_rights_in_Australia" title="Transgender rights in Australia">Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgender_rights_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender rights in Austria">Austria</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgender_rights_in_Brazil" title="Transgender rights in Brazil">Brazil</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgender_rights_in_Canada" title="Transgender rights in Canada">Canada</a>

<li><a href="Transgender_people_in_China" title="Transgender people in China">China</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgender_history_in_Finland" title="Transgender history in Finland">Finland</a></li>

<li>France</li>

<li><a href="Transgender_rights_in_Germany" title="Transgender rights in Germany">Germany</a>

<li>India

<li><a href="LGBTQ_rights_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="LGBTQ rights in Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Transgender_rights_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender rights in Ireland">Ireland</a></li>

<li>Pakistan

<li><a href="Transgender_rights_in_New_Zealand" title="Transgender rights in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li>

<li>Norway

<li><a href="Transgender_people_in_Singapore" title="Transgender people in Singapore">Singapore</a></li>

<li>South Africa

<li><a href="Transgender_people_in_South_Korea" title="Transgender people in South Korea">South Korea</a></li>

<li>Spain

<li><a href="Transgender_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transgender rights in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anti-transgender_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anti-transgender movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgender_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender rights in the United States">United States</a>

<ul><li><a href="Transgender_disenfranchisement_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender disenfranchisement in the United States">Disenfranchisement</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_identity_under_Title_IX" title="Gender identity under Title IX">Title IX</a></li>

<li><a href="Transphobia_in_the_United_States" title="Transphobia in the United States">Transphobia</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<hr>

<div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;"><a href="Transgender_history" title="Transgender history">History</a></div>

<ul><li><a href="Transgender_history_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender history in Argentina">Argentina</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgender_history_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender history in Australia">Australia</a>

<ul><li><a href="Re_Kevin" title="Re Kevin">Re Kevin</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Transgender_history_in_Brazil" title="Transgender history in Brazil">Brazil</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgender_history_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender history in China">China</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgender_history_in_Finland" title="Transgender history in Finland">Finland</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgender_people_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Transgender people in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgender_history_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender history in Singapore">Singapore</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgender_history_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transgender history in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgender_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender history in the United States">United States</a>

<ul><li><a href="Transgender_legal_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender legal history in the United States">Legality</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_transgender_public_officeholders_in_the_United_States" title="List of transgender public officeholders in the United States">elected officials</a></li>

<li><a href="Compton's_Cafeteria_riot" title="Compton's Cafeteria riot">Cafeteria riot</a></li>

<li><a href="Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Androgyny" title="Androgyny">Androgyny</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender" title="Gender">Gender</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_diversity" title="Gender diversity">Gender diversity</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Healthcare_and_the_LGBTQ_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare and the LGBTQ community">Healthcare and the LGBTQ community</a></li>

<li><a href="Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a>

<ul><li><a href="Legal_recognition_of_intersex_people" title="Legal recognition of intersex people">Legal recognition of intersex people</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Queer_heterosexuality" title="Queer heterosexuality">Queer heterosexuality</a></li>

<li><a href="LGBTQ" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a></li>

<li><a href="Mental_health_of_LGBTQ_people" title="Mental health of LGBTQ people">Mental health of LGBTQ people</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex%E2%80%93gender_distinction" title="Sex–gender distinction">Sex–gender distinction</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></li>

<li><a href="Suicide_among_LGBTQ_people" title="Suicide among LGBTQ people">Suicide among LGBTQ people</a></li></ul>

</div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding: 0.15em 0.3em 0.3em; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;">

<div class="hlist"><ul><li> <a href="Portal%3ALGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></li><li> Category</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

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</style></td></tr></tbody></table>

<table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="Outline_of_LGBTQ_topics" title="Outline of LGBTQ topics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="LGBTQ_people" title="LGBTQ people">LGBTQ people</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image">      </td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border: none; padding-bottom: 3px;">

<div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="LGBTQ_(term)" title="LGBTQ (term)">LGBTQ</a></li><li><a href="Lesbian" title="Lesbian">Lesbian</a></li><li><a href="Gay_men" title="Gay men">Gay</a></li><li><a href="Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexual</a></li><li><a href="Queer" title="Queer">Queer</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a> and <a href="Gender" title="Gender">gender</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Aromanticism" title="Aromanticism">Aromantic</a></li>

<li><a href="Asexuality" title="Asexuality">Asexual</a>

<ul><li><a href="Gray_asexuality" title="Gray asexuality">Gray asexual</a></li>

<li><a href="Aegosexuality" title="Aegosexuality">Aegosexual</a></li>

<li><a href="Demisexuality" title="Demisexuality">Demisexual</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Biology_and_sexual_orientation" title="Biology and sexual orientation">Biology</a></li>

<li><a href="Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexual</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pansexuality" title="Pansexuality">Pansexual</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Demographics_of_sexual_orientation" title="Demographics of sexual orientation">Demographics</a></li>

<li><a href="Environment_and_sexual_orientation" title="Environment and sexual orientation">Environment</a></li>

<li><a href="Fictosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictosexual">Fictosexual</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_fluidity" title="Gender fluidity">Gender fluid</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_modality" title="Gender modality">Gender modality</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_nonconformity" title="Gender nonconformity">Gender nonconforming</a></li>

<li><a href="Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">Homosexual</a></li>

<li><a href="Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-heterosexual" title="Non-heterosexual">Non-heterosexual</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-binary_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-binary gender">Non-binary</a></li>

<li><a href="Queer" title="Queer">Queer</a>

<ul><li><a href="Queer_heterosexuality" title="Queer heterosexuality">Queer heterosexual</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Questioning_(sexuality_and_gender)" title="Questioning (sexuality and gender)">Questioning</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identity</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex%E2%80%93gender_distinction" title="Sex–gender distinction">Sex–gender distinction</a></li>

<li><a href="Trans_man" title="Trans man">Trans man</a></li>

<li><a href="Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">Trans woman</a></li>

<li><a href="Transsexual" title="Transsexual">Transsexual</a></li>

<li><a href="Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">Two-spirit</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="LGBTQ_history" title="LGBTQ history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history">Timeline</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_same-sex_marriage" title="Timeline of same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="History_of_homosexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="History of homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li>

<li><a href="LGBTQ_movements" title="LGBTQ movements">Movements</a></li>

<li><a href="Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_same-sex_unions" title="History of same-sex unions">Same-sex unions</a></li>

<li><a href="Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li></ul>

</div></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

Identities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_lesbianism" title="History of lesbianism">Lesbian</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_bisexuality" title="History of bisexuality">Bisexual</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgender_history" title="Transgender history">Transgender</a></li>

<li><a href="Intersex_and_LGBTQ" title="Intersex and LGBTQ">Intersex</a></li></ul>

</div></td>

</tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="LGBTQ-owned_business" title="LGBTQ-owned business">Business</a></li>

<li><a href="Coming_out" title="Coming out">Coming out</a></li>

<li><a href="LGBTQ_community" title="LGBTQ community">Community</a>

<ul><li><a href="African-American_LGBTQ_community" title="African-American LGBTQ community">African-American</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dyke_March" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyke March">Dyke March</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_LGBTQ_events" title="List of LGBTQ events">Events</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_LGBTQ_awareness_periods" title="List of LGBTQ awareness periods">Awareness periods</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_largest_LGBTQ_events" title="List of largest LGBTQ events">Largest events</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Gay_village" title="Gay village">Gay village</a></li>

<li><a href="LGBTQ%2B_media" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQ+ media">Media</a>

<li><a href="List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">Films</a></li>

<li><a href="New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New queer cinema</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_LGBTQ_periodicals" title="List of LGBTQ periodicals">Periodicals</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="LGBTQ_culture" title="LGBTQ culture">LGBTQ culture</a>

<li><a href="Pride_(LGBTQ_culture)" title="Pride (LGBTQ culture)">Pride</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pride_Month" title="Pride Month">Pride Month</a></li>

<li><a href="Pride_parade" title="Pride parade">Parade</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Queer_art" title="Queer art">Queer art</a></li>

<li><a href="Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">Same-sex relationship</a></li>

<li><a href="Cross-sex_relationships_involving_LGBTQ_people" title="Cross-sex relationships involving LGBTQ people">Cross-sex relationship</a></li>

<li><a href="LGBTQ_slang" title="LGBTQ slang">Slang</a>

<ul><li><a href="Polari" title="Polari">Polari</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Homosocialization" title="Homosocialization">Socialization</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexuality_and_gender_identity-based_cultures" title="Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures">Subcultures</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgender_in_NYC" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender in NYC">Transgender in NYC</a></li>

<li><a href="LGBTQ_symbols" title="LGBTQ symbols">Symbols</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pride_flag" title="Pride flag">Flags</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Takat%C4%81pui" title="Takatāpui">Takatāpui</a></li>

<li><a href="Moe_aik%C4%81ne" title="Moe aikāne">Moe aikāne</a></li>

<li><a href="LGBTQ_tourism" title="LGBTQ tourism">Tourism</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">Rights</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Same-sex_adoption" title="Same-sex adoption">Adoption</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_union" title="Civil union">Civil union</a></li>

<li><a href="Decriminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Decriminalization of homosexuality">Decriminalization</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_self-identification" title="Gender self-identification">Gender self-identification</a></li>

<li><a href="Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_recognition_of_non-binary_gender" title="Legal recognition of non-binary gender">Legal recognition of non-binary gender</a></li>

<li><a href="Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Marriage</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_orientation_and_gender_identity_in_military_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual orientation and gender identity in military service">Military service</a></li>

<li><a href="Same-sex_parenting" title="Same-sex parenting">Parenting</a></li>

<li><a href="LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">Rights by country or territory</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Sexuality</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgender_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender rights">Trans rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Yogyakarta_Principles" title="Yogyakarta Principles">Yogyakarta Principles</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">MSM</a> and <a href="Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">Blood donation restrictions</a> / <a href="HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_LGBTQ_medical_organizations" title="List of LGBTQ medical organizations">LGBTQ medical organizations</a></li>

<li><a href="LGBTQ_reproduction" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQ reproduction">Reproduction</a></li>

<li><a href="Mental_health_of_LGBTQ_people" title="Mental health of LGBTQ people">Mental health</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgender_health_care" title="Transgender health care">Transgender health care</a>

<ul><li><a href="Gender-affirming_hormone_therapy" title="Gender-affirming hormone therapy">Gender-affirming hormone therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender-affirming_surgery" title="Gender-affirming surgery">Gender-affirming surgery</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_transition" title="Gender transition">Gender transition</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_status_of_gender-affirming_healthcare" title="Legal status of gender-affirming healthcare">Legal status of gender-affirming healthcare</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgender_health_care_misinformation" title="Transgender health care misinformation">Misinformation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Suicide_among_LGBTQ_people" title="Suicide among LGBTQ people">Suicide</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Societal_attitudes_toward_homosexuality" title="Societal attitudes toward homosexuality">Societal attitudes</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Allonormativity" title="Allonormativity">Allonormative</a></li>

<li><a href="Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">amatonormative</a></li>

<li><a href="Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormative</a></li>

<li><a href="Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormative</a>

<ul><li><a href="Compulsory_heterosexuality" title="Compulsory heterosexuality">Comphet</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Opposition_to_LGBTQ_rights" title="Opposition to LGBTQ rights">Opposition to LGBTQ rights</a>

<ul><li><a href="21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">21st century UK anti-trans</a></li>

<li><a href="2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">2020s US anti-LGBTQ</a></li>

<li><a href="LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">Grooming conspiracy theory</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Media_portrayal_of_LGBTQ_people" title="Media portrayal of LGBTQ people">Media portrayal</a></li>

<li><a href="Religion_and_LGBTQ_people" title="Religion and LGBTQ people">Religion & LGBTQ</a>

<ul><li><a href="Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgender_people_and_religion" title="Transgender people and religion">Trans people</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">Sexual diversity</a></li>

<li><a href="LGBTQ_stereotypes" title="LGBTQ stereotypes">Stereotypes</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Aromanticism#Discrimination_and_cultural_erasure" title="Aromanticism">Arophobia</a></li>

<li><a href="AIDS_stigma" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS stigma">AIDS stigma</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a></li>

<li><a href="Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li>

<li><a href="LGBTQ_bullying" title="LGBTQ bullying">Bullying</a></li>

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<li><a href="Closeted" title="Closeted">Closeted</a>

<ul><li><a href="Outing" title="Outing">Outing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization</a></li>

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<li><a href="Queer_erasure" title="Queer erasure">Erasure</a>

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<li><a href="Bisexual_erasure" title="Bisexual erasure">Bisexual</a></li>

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<li><a href="Trans_erasure" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans erasure">Trans</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Heteropatriarchy" title="Heteropatriarchy">Heteropatriarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li>

<li><a href="Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a>

<ul><li><a href="Liberal_homophobia" title="Liberal homophobia">Liberal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Intersex discrimination</a></li>

<li><a href="Legality_of_conversion_therapy" title="Legality of conversion therapy">Legality of conversion therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Suicide_among_LGBTQ_people" title="Suicide among LGBTQ people">Suicide</a></li>

<li><a href="LGBTQ_youth_vulnerability" title="LGBTQ youth vulnerability">Youth vulnerability</a></li>

<li><a href="LGBTQ_migration" title="LGBTQ migration">Migration</a></li>

<li><a href="Mixed-orientation_marriage" title="Mixed-orientation marriage">Mixed-orientation marriage</a></li>

<li><a href="Racism_in_the_LGBTQ_community" title="Racism in the LGBTQ community">Racism</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexualism">Sexualism</a></li>

<li><a href="Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a>

<ul><li><a href="Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary people</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li>

<li><a href="Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Trans women</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence</a>

<ul><li><a href="Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans people</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Academic fields and discourse</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; margin-bottom: -4px;">

<ul><li><a href="Communism_and_LGBTQ_rights" title="Communism and LGBTQ rights">Communism & LGBTQ rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian feminism</a></li>

<li><a href="LGBTQ_linguistics" title="LGBTQ linguistics">Lavender linguistics</a></li>

<li><a href="LGBTQ_conservatism" title="LGBTQ conservatism">LGBTQ conservatism</a>

<li><a href="Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer anarchism</a></li>

<li><a href="Queer_studies" title="Queer studies">Queer studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Queer_theory" title="Queer theory">Queer theory</a></li>

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<li><a href="Socialism_and_LGBTQ_rights" title="Socialism and LGBTQ rights">Socialism & LGBTQ rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgender_studies" title="Transgender studies">Transgender studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Travesti_(gender_identity)#Academic_research" title="Travesti (gender identity)">Travesti</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<a href="Portal%3ALGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"></td></tr></tbody></table>

A transgender (often shortened to trans) person has a <a href="Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender identity</a> different from that typically associated with the <a href="Sex" title="Sex">sex</a> they were <a href="Sex_assignment" title="Sex assignment">assigned at birth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPA2018-3">[2]</a>

The opposite of transgender is <a href="Cisgender" title="Cisgender">cisgender</a>, which describes persons whose gender identity matches their assigned sex.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlank2014-4">[3]</a>

Many transgender people desire medical assistance to <a href="Gender_transition" title="Gender transition">medically transition</a> from one sex to another; those who do may identify as <a href="Transsexual" title="Transsexual">transsexual</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bevan-2014-42-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Polly-2011-6">[5]</a> Transgender does not have a universally accepted definition, including among researchers;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Britannica''2024-7">[6]</a> it can function as an <a href="Umbrella_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrella term">umbrella term</a>. The definition given above includes binary <a href="Trans_men" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans men">trans men</a> and <a href="Trans_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans women">trans women</a> and may also include people who are <a href="Non-binary_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-binary gender">non-binary or genderqueer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Franklin-2014-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> Other related groups include <a href="Third-gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-gender">third-gender</a> people, <a href="Cross-dresser" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-dresser">cross-dressers</a>, and <a href="Drag_queen" title="Drag queen">drag queens</a> and <a href="Drag_king" title="Drag king">drag kings</a>; some definitions include these groups as well.<a href="#cite_note-Franklin-2014-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a>

Being transgender is distinct from <a href="Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a>, and transgender people may identify as <a href="Heterosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterosexual">heterosexual</a> (straight), <a href="Homosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual">homosexual</a> (gay or lesbian), <a href="Bisexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisexual">bisexual</a>, <a href="Asexuality" title="Asexuality">asexual</a>, or otherwise, or may <a href="Unlabeled_sexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Unlabeled sexuality">decline to label</a> their sexual orientation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECDC2020-11">[10]</a> Accurate statistics on the number of transgender people vary widely,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGEO2018-12">[11]</a> in part due to different definitions of what constitutes being transgender.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Britannica''2024-7">[6]</a> Some countries collect <a href="Census" title="Census">census</a> data on transgender people, starting with <a href="Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaston2022-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> Generally, less than 1% of the worldwide population is transgender, with figures ranging from <0.1% to 0.6%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM.H.2017-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUCSFn.d.-18">[17]</a>

Many transgender people experience <a href="Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">gender dysphoria</a>, and some seek medical treatments such as <a href="Transgender_hormone_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender hormone therapy">hormone replacement therapy</a>, <a href="Gender-affirming_surgery" title="Gender-affirming surgery">gender-affirming surgery</a>, or <a href="Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">psychotherapy</a>. Not all transgender people desire these treatments,<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> and some cannot undergo them for legal,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAP2024-20">[19]</a> financial,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnsonHillBeach-FerraraRogers2019-21">[20]</a> or medical<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinParadiseGoodwin2018-22">[21]</a> reasons.

The <a href="Legal_status_of_transgender_people" title="Legal status of transgender people">legal status of transgender people</a> varies by jurisdiction. Many transgender people experience <a href="Transphobia" title="Transphobia">transphobia</a> (<a href="Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">violence</a> or discrimination against transgender people) in the workplace,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELombardiWilchinsPriesingMalouf2008-23">[22]</a> in accessing public accommodations,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallara2011-24">[23]</a> and in healthcare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradfordReisnerHonnoldXavier2013-25">[24]</a> In many places, they are not legally protected from discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhittle2002-26">[25]</a> Several cultural events are held to celebrate the awareness of transgender people, including <a href="Transgender_Day_of_Remembrance" title="Transgender Day of Remembrance">Transgender Day of Remembrance</a> and <a href="International_Transgender_Day_of_Visibility" title="International Transgender Day of Visibility">International Transgender Day of Visibility</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESudborough2022-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECBC2013-28">[27]</a> and the <a href="Transgender_flag" title="Transgender flag">transgender flag</a> is a common transgender pride symbol.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord2014-29">[28]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div>

Before the mid-20th century, various terms were used within and beyond Western medical and psychological sciences to identify persons and identities labeled transsexual, and later transgender from mid-century onward.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollyNicole2011-30">[29]</a> Imported from the German and ultimately modeled after German Transsexualismus (coined in 1923),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirschfeld1923-31">[30]</a> the English term transsexual has enjoyed international acceptability, though transgender has been increasingly preferred over transsexual.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> The word transgender acquired its modern umbrella term meaning in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a>

Health-practitioner manuals, professional journalistic style guides, and LGBT advocacy groups advise the adoption by others of the name and pronouns identified by the person in question, including present references to the transgender person's past.<a href="#cite_note-APA_Complicated-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fenway_Meeting-35">[34]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transgender">Transgender</h3></div>

Although the term transgenderism was once considered acceptable, it has come to be viewed as <a href="Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a>, according to GLAAD.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> Psychiatrist John F. Oliven of <a href="Columbia_University_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons" title="Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons">Columbia University</a> used the term transgenderism in his 1965 reference work Sexual Hygiene and Pathology, writing that the term which had previously been used, transsexualism, "is misleading; actually, transgenderism is meant, because sexuality is not a major factor in primary transvestism".<a href="#cite_note-Bevan-2014-42-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> The term transgender was then popularized with varying definitions by transgender, transsexual, and transvestite people, including <a href="Christine_Jorgensen" title="Christine Jorgensen">Christine Jorgensen</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlakemore2022-38">[37]</a> and <a href="Virginia_Prince" title="Virginia Prince">Virginia Prince</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Bevan-2014-42-5">[4]</a> who used transgenderal in the December 1969 issue of Transvestia,<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> a national magazine for cross-dressers she founded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEkinsKing200613–14-40">[39]</a> By the mid-1970s both trans-gender and trans people were in use as umbrella terms, while transgenderist and transgenderal were used to refer to people who wanted to live their lives as cross-gendered individuals without <a href="Gender-affirming_surgery" title="Gender-affirming surgery">gender-affirming surgery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> Transgenderist was sometimes abbreviated as TG in educational and community resources; this abbreviation developed by the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> In 2020, the International Journal of Transgenderism changed its name to the <a href="International_Journal_of_Transgender_Health" title="International Journal of Transgender Health">International Journal of Transgender Health</a> "to reflect a change toward more appropriate and acceptable use of language in our field."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouman2020¶&nbsp;5-43">[42]</a>

By 1984, the concept of a "transgender community" had developed, in which transgender was used as an umbrella term.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeo1984-44">[43]</a> In 1985, Richard Ekins established the "Trans-Gender Archive" at the <a href="University_of_Ulster" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Ulster">University of Ulster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEkinsKing200613–14-40">[39]</a> By 1992, the International Conference on Transgender Law and Employment Policy defined transgender as an expansive umbrella term including "transsexuals, transgenderists, cross dressers", and anyone transitioning.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> <a href="Leslie_Feinberg" title="Leslie Feinberg">Leslie Feinberg</a>'s pamphlet, "Transgender Liberation: A Movement Whose Time has Come", circulated in 1992, identified transgender as a term to unify all forms of <a href="Gender_nonconformity" title="Gender nonconformity">gender nonconformity</a>; in this way transgender has become synonymous with <a href="Queer" title="Queer">queer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStryker2008b-46">[45]</a> In 1994, gender theorist <a href="Susan_Stryker" title="Susan Stryker">Susan Stryker</a> defined transgender as encompassing "all identities or practices that cross over, cut across, move between, or otherwise queer socially constructed sex/gender boundaries", including, but not limited to, "transsexuality, heterosexual transvestism, gay drag, <a href="Butch_(lesbian_slang)" class="mw-redirect" title="Butch (lesbian slang)">butch</a> lesbianism, and such non-European identities as the Native American <a href="Berdache" class="mw-redirect" title="Berdache">berdache</a> or the Indian <a href="Hijra_(South_Asia)" title="Hijra (South Asia)">Hijra</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurrah20064-47">[46]</a>

Transgender can also refer specifically to a person whose gender identity is opposite (rather than different from) the sex the person had or was identified as having at birth.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> In contrast, people whose sense of personal identity corresponds to the sex and gender assigned to them at birth – that is, those who are neither transgender nor non-binary or genderqueer – are called cisgender.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2015-49">[48]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transsexual">Transsexual</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Transsexual#Terminology" title="Transsexual">Transsexual § Terminology</a></div>

Inspired by <a href="Magnus_Hirschfeld" title="Magnus Hirschfeld">Magnus Hirschfeld</a>'s 1923 term seelischer Transsexualismus,<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> the term transsexual was introduced to English in 1949 by <a href="David_Oliver_Cauldwell" title="David Oliver Cauldwell">David Oliver Cauldwell</a> and popularized by <a href="Harry_Benjamin" title="Harry Benjamin">Harry Benjamin</a> in 1966, around the same time transgender was coined and began to be popularized.<a href="#cite_note-Bevan-2014-42-5">[4]</a> Since the 1990s, transsexual has generally been used to refer to the subset of transgender people<a href="#cite_note-Bevan-2014-42-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-TR2006-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alegria-52">[51]</a> who desire to transition permanently to the gender with which they identify and who seek medical assistance (for example, sex reassignment surgery) with this.

Distinctions between the terms transgender and transsexual are commonly based on <a href="Sex_and_gender_distinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex and gender distinction">distinctions between gender and sex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> Transsexuality may be said to deal more with physical aspects of one's sex, while transgender considerations deal more with one's psychological gender disposition or predisposition, as well as the related social expectations that may accompany a given gender role.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> Many transgender people reject the term transsexual.<a href="#cite_note-Polly-2011-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Swanson-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGLAADn.d.¶&nbsp;"''Transsexual''_(adj.)"-57">[56]</a> <a href="Christine_Jorgensen" title="Christine Jorgensen">Christine Jorgensen</a> publicly rejected transsexual in 1979 and instead identified herself in newsprint as trans-gender, saying, "gender doesn't have to do with bed partners, it has to do with identity."<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> Some have objected to the term transsexual on the basis that it describes a condition related to gender identity rather than <a href="Sexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexuality">sexuality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fenway_Health_Glossary-60">[59]</a> Some people who identify as transsexual people object to being included in the transgender umbrella.<a href="#cite_note-Valentine-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stryker_2006-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a>

In his 2007 book Imagining Transgender: An Ethnography of a Category, anthropologist David Valentine asserts that transgender was coined and used by activists to include many people who do not necessarily identify with the term and states that people who do not identify with the term transgender should not be included in the transgender spectrum.<a href="#cite_note-Valentine-61">[60]</a> Leslie Feinberg likewise asserts that transgender is not a self-identifier (for some people) but a category imposed by observers to understand other people.<a href="#cite_note-Stryker_2006-62">[61]</a> According to the Transgender Health Program (THP) at <a href="Fenway_Health" title="Fenway Health">Fenway Health</a> in Boston, there are no universally-accepted definitions, and confusion is common because terms that were popular at the turn of the 21st century may have since been deemed offensive. The THP recommends that clinicians ask clients what terminology they prefer, and avoid the term transsexual unless they are sure that a client is comfortable with it.<a href="#cite_note-Fenway_Health_Glossary-60">[59]</a>

Harry Benjamin invented a classification system for transsexuals and transvestites, called the <a href="Sex_Orientation_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex Orientation Scale">Sex Orientation Scale</a> (SOS), in which he assigned transsexuals and transvestites to one of six categories based on their reasons for cross-dressing and the relative urgency of their need (if any) for sex reassignment surgery.<a href="#cite_note-benjaminscale-64">[63]</a> Contemporary views on gender identity and classification differ markedly from Harry Benjamin's original opinions.<a href="#cite_note-Ekins2005-65">[64]</a> Sexual orientation is no longer regarded as a criterion for diagnosis, or for distinction between transsexuality, transvestism and other forms of gender-variant behavior and expression. Benjamin's scale was designed for use with heterosexual trans women, and trans men's identities do not align with its categories.<a href="#cite_note-Hansbury2008-66">[65]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_terms">Other terms</h3></div>

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</style>Transfeminine (commonly abbreviated to both transfem and transfemme) refers to a person, binary or non-binary, who was assigned male at birth and has a predominantly feminine gender identity or presentation.<a href="#cite_note-Mardell-2016-67">[66]</a></li>

<li>Transmasculine (commonly abbreviated to transmasc) refers to a person, binary or non-binary, who was assigned female at birth and has a predominantly masculine gender identity or presentation.<a href="#cite_note-Mardell-2016-67">[66]</a></li>

<li>Transgendered is a common term in older literature. Many within the transgender community deprecate it on the basis that transgender is an adjective, not a verb.<a href="#cite_note-Vincent-68">[67]</a> Organizations such as <a href="GLAAD" title="GLAAD">GLAAD</a> and <a href="The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> also state that transgender should never be used as a noun in English (e.g., "Max is transgender" or "Max is a transgender man", not "Max is a transgender").<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_Style-70">[69]</a> Transgender is also a noun for the broader topic of transgender identity and experience.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a></li>

<li>Assigned Female At Birth (AFAB), Assigned Male At Birth (AMAB), Designated Female At Birth (DFAB), and Designated Male At Birth (DMAB) are terms used to represent a person's sex assigned at birth; they are considered to be more gender-inclusive than the related terms biological male or biological female.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleveland_Clinic2022-72">[71]</a></li>

<li>The term <a href="Trans_(*)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans (*)">trans*</a> (with an <a href="Asterisk" title="Asterisk">asterisk</a>) emerged in the 1990s as an <a href="Inclusive_language" title="Inclusive language">inclusive</a> term used to encompass a wide range of non-cisgender identities. The asterisk represents a <a href="Wildcard_character" title="Wildcard character">wildcard</a>, indicating the inclusion of various identities, beyond just transgender and transsexual, such as <a href="Gender-fluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender-fluid">gender-fluid</a> or <a href="Agender" class="mw-redirect" title="Agender">agender</a>, within the transgender umbrella. The use of the asterisk in "trans*" has been debated; some argue that it adds unnecessary complexity, while others say that it enhances inclusivity by explicitly recognizing non-normative gender identities.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shift_in_use_of_terms">Shift in use of terms</h3></div>

Between the mid-1990s and the early 2000s, the primary terms used under the transgender umbrella were "female to male" (FtM) for men who transitioned from female to male, and "male to female" (MtF) for women who transitioned from male to female. These terms have been superseded by "<a href="Trans_man" title="Trans man">trans man</a>" and "<a href="Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">trans woman</a>", respectively. This shift in preference from terms highlighting biological sex ("transsexual", "FtM") to terms highlighting gender identity and expression ("transgender", "trans man") reflects a broader shift in the understanding of transgender people's sense of self and the increasing recognition of those who decline medical reassignment as part of the transgender community.<a href="#cite_note-Trans_PULSE_Canada_Report_No._1_or_10-75">[74]</a>

In place of transgenderism, terms such as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transness" class="extiw external" title="wikt:transness">transness</a>,<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transgenderness" class="extiw external" title="wikt:transgenderness">transgenderness</a>, or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transidentity" class="extiw external" title="wikt:transidentity">transidentity</a>,<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> have been suggested,<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> corresponding to their cisgender counterparts, such as cisness, cisgenderness and cisidentity.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sexual_orientation">Sexual orientation</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Transgender_sexuality" title="Transgender sexuality">Transgender sexuality</a></div>

Gender, gender identity, and being transgender are distinct concepts from sexual orientation.<a href="#cite_note-apatransgenderanswers-81">[80]</a> Sexual orientation is an individual's enduring pattern of attraction, or lack thereof, to others (being <a href="Heterosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterosexual">straight</a>, <a href="Lesbian" title="Lesbian">lesbian</a>, <a href="Gay" title="Gay">gay</a>, <a href="Bisexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisexual">bisexual</a>, <a href="Asexuality" title="Asexuality">asexual</a>, etc.), whereas gender identity is a person's innate knowledge of their own gender (being a man, woman, non-binary, etc.). Transgender people can have any orientation, and generally use labels corresponding to their gender, rather than assigned sex at birth. For example, trans women who are exclusively attracted to other women commonly identify as lesbians, and trans men exclusively attracted to women would identify as straight.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGLAADn.d.¶_"Sexual_Orientation"-82">[81]</a> Many trans people describe their sexual orientation as queer, in addition to or instead of, other terms.<a href="#cite_note-BocktingBenner2009-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-usts-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trans_PULSE_Canada_Report_No._1_or_10-75">[74]</a>

For much of the 20th century, transgender identity was conflated with <a href="Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a> and <a href="Transvestism" class="mw-redirect" title="Transvestism">transvestism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Haefele-Thomas-2019-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gill-Peterson-2018-86">[85]</a> In earlier academic literature, sexologists used the labels <a href="Homosexual_transsexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual transsexual">homosexual and heterosexual transsexual</a> to categorize transgender individuals' sexual orientation based on their birth sex.<a href="#cite_note-classnongendysphoria-87">[86]</a> Critics consider these terms "<a href="Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">heterosexist</a>",<a href="#cite_note-bagemihl-88">[87]</a> "archaic",<a href="#cite_note-wahng-89">[88]</a> and demeaning.<a href="#cite_note-leiblum2000-90">[89]</a> Newer literature often uses terms such as <a href="Androphilia_and_gynephilia" title="Androphilia and gynephilia">attracted to men (androphilic), attracted to women (gynephilic)</a>, attracted to both (bisexual), or attracted to neither (asexual) to describe a person's sexual orientation without reference to their gender identity.<a href="#cite_note-dsmivtwo-91">[90]</a> Therapists are coming to understand the necessity of using terms with respect to their clients' gender identities and preferences.<a href="#cite_note-councritgendeth-92">[91]</a>

The 2015 <a href="U.S._Transgender_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Transgender Survey">U.S. Transgender Survey</a> reported that of the 27,715 transgender and non-binary respondents, 21% said queer best described their sexual orientation, 18% said <a href="Pansexuality" title="Pansexuality">pansexual</a>, 16% said gay, lesbian, or same-gender-loving, 15% said straight, 14% said bisexual, and 10% said asexual.<a href="#cite_note-usts-84">[83]</a> A 2019 Canadian survey of 2,873 trans and non-binary people found that 51% described their sexual orientation as queer, 13% as asexual, 28% as bisexual, 13% as gay, 15% as lesbian, 31% as pansexual, 8% as straight or heterosexual, 4% as <a href="Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">two-spirit</a>, and 9% as unsure or <a href="Questioning_(sexuality_and_gender)" title="Questioning (sexuality and gender)">questioning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Trans_PULSE_Canada_Report_No._1_or_10-75">[74]</a> A 2009 study in Spain found that 90% of trans women patients reported being androphilic and 94% of trans men patients reported being gynephilic.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_identities_and_practices">Related identities and practices</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-binary_identity">Non-binary identity</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Non-binary" title="Non-binary">Non-binary</a> and <a href="Androgyny" title="Androgyny">Androgyny</a></div>

Some non-binary (or genderqueer) people identify as transgender. These identities are not specifically male or female. They can be <a href="Non-binary_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-binary gender">agender, androgynous, bigender, pangender, or genderfluid</a>,<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> and exist outside of <a href="Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">cisnormativity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> Bigender and androgynous are overlapping categories; bigender individuals may identify as moving between male and female roles (genderfluid) or as being both masculine and feminine simultaneously (androgynous), and androgynes may similarly identify as beyond gender or genderless (agender), between genders (intergender), moving across genders (<a href="Genderfluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Genderfluid">genderfluid</a>), or simultaneously exhibiting multiple genders (pangender).<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> Non-binary gender identities are independent of sexual orientation.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transvestism_and_cross-dressing">Transvestism and cross-dressing</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Transvestism" class="mw-redirect" title="Transvestism">Transvestism</a></div>

A transvestite is a person who cross-dresses, or dresses in clothes typically associated with the gender opposite the one they were assigned at birth.<a href="#cite_note-TV1-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-TV2-101">[100]</a> The term transvestite is used as a synonym for the term cross-dresser,<a href="#cite_note-TV3-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-TV4-103">[102]</a> although cross-dresser is generally considered the preferred term.<a href="#cite_note-TV4-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-TV6-104">[103]</a> The term cross-dresser is not exactly defined in the relevant literature. Michael A. Gilbert, professor at the Department of Philosophy, York University, Toronto, offers this definition: "[A cross-dresser] is a person who has an apparent gender identification with one sex, and who has and certainly has been birth-designated as belonging to [that] sex, but who wears the clothing of the opposite sex because it is that of the opposite sex."<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> This definition excludes people "who wear opposite sex clothing for other reasons", such as "those <a href="Female_impersonators" class="mw-redirect" title="Female impersonators">female impersonators</a> who look upon dressing as solely connected to their livelihood, actors undertaking roles, individual males and females enjoying a masquerade, and so on. These individuals are cross dressing but are not cross dressers."<a href="#cite_note-CD1-106">[105]</a> Cross-dressers may not identify with, want to be, or adopt the behaviors or practices of the opposite gender and generally do not want to change their bodies medically or surgically. The majority of cross-dressers identify as heterosexual.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDocter1997-107">[106]</a>

The term transvestite and the associated outdated term transvestism are conceptually different from the term <a href="Transvestic_fetishism" title="Transvestic fetishism">transvestic fetishism</a>, as transvestic fetishist refers to those who intermittently use clothing of the opposite gender for fetishistic purposes.<a href="#cite_note-TV7-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-TV8-109">[108]</a> In medical terms, transvestic fetishism is differentiated from cross-dressing by use of the separate codes 302.3 in the <a href="Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</a> (DSM)<a href="#cite_note-TV8-109">[108]</a> and F65.1 in the <a href="International_Classification_of_Diseases" title="International Classification of Diseases">ICD</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TV7-108">[107]</a>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Drag_king" title="Drag king">Drag king</a>, <a href="Drag_queen" title="Drag queen">Drag queen</a>, and <a href="AFAB_queen" title="AFAB queen">AFAB queen</a></div>

<a href="Drag_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drag (clothing)">Drag</a> is clothing and makeup worn on special occasions for performing or entertaining, unlike those who are transgender or who cross-dress for other reasons.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> Drag performance includes overall presentation and behavior in addition to clothing and makeup. Drag can be theatrical, comedic, or grotesque. Drag queens have been considered caricatures of women by <a href="Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">second-wave feminism</a>. Drag artists have a long tradition in <a href="LGBTQ_culture" title="LGBTQ culture">LGBTQ culture</a>.

Generally the term drag queen covers men doing female drag, drag king covers women doing male drag, and faux queen covers women doing female drag.<a href="#cite_note-:0-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> Nevertheless, there are drag artists of all genders and sexualities who perform for various reasons. Drag performers are not inherently considered transgender. However, for some trans people, drag communities have been "a safe and fun arena for exploring gender identity".<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> Some drag performers such as <a href="Carmen_Carrera" title="Carmen Carrera">Carmen Carerra</a> have later come out as transgender.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> Drag historian Devin Antheus stated there were overlaps in the past, such as in the 1960s and 1970s: "for a lot of the girls, both queens who currently now identify as trans and those who don't, back in the day, there weren't such precise divisions when people were in internal spaces … they all rolled together."<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a>

Some drag performers, transvestites, and people in the gay community have embraced the pornographically derived term <a href="Tranny" title="Tranny">tranny</a> for drag queens or people who engage in transvestism or cross-dressing; this term is widely considered an offensive <a href="Pejorative" title="Pejorative">slur</a> if applied to transgender people.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Transgender_history" title="Transgender history">Transgender history</a> and <a href="Third_gender" title="Third gender">Third gender</a></div>

A precise history of the global occurrence of transgender people is difficult to assess because the modern concept of being transgender, and of gender in general in relation to transgender identity, did not develop until the mid-1900s. Historical depictions, records and understandings are inherently filtered through modern principles, and were largely viewed through a medical and (often outsider) anthropological lens until the late 1900s.<a href="#cite_note-Janssen-2020-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStryker2008a-117">[116]</a>

Some historians consider the Roman emperor <a href="Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a> to have been transgender. Elagabalus was reported to have dressed in a feminine manner, preferred to be called "Lady" instead of "Lord" and may have even sought a primitive form of <a href="Gender-affirming_surgery" title="Gender-affirming surgery">gender-affirming surgery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-Varner-2008-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-glbtq-enc-elagabal-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a>

Worldwide, a number of societies have had traditional <a href="Third_gender" title="Third gender">third gender</a> roles, some of which continue in some form into the present day.<a href="#cite_note-Armstrong-2021-123">[122]</a> The <a href="Hippocratic_Corpus" title="Hippocratic Corpus">Hippocratic Corpus</a> (interpreting the writing of <a href="Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>) describes the "disease of the <a href="Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>" (regarding the <a href="Enaree" title="Enaree">Enaree</a>), which it attributes to impotency due to riding on a horse without stirrups. This reference was well discussed by medical writings of the 1500s–1700s. <a href="Pierre_Petit_(scholar)" title="Pierre Petit (scholar)">Pierre Petit</a> writing in 1596 viewed the "Scythian disease" as natural variation, but by the 1700s writers viewed it as a "melancholy", or "hysterical" psychiatric disease. By the early 1800s, being transgender separate from Hippocrates' idea of it was claimed to be widely known, but remained poorly documented. Both trans women and trans men were cited in European insane asylums of the early 1800s. One of the earliest recorded gender nonconforming people in America was <a href="Thomas(ine)_Hall" title="Thomas(ine) Hall">Thomas(ine) Hall</a>, a seventeenth century colonial servant.<a href="#cite_note-Hickman_Porfilio_2012_p._235-124">[123]</a> The most complete account of the time came from the life of the <a href="Chevalier_d'%C3%89on" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevalier d'Éon">Chevalier d'Éon</a> (1728–1810), a French diplomat. As cross-dressing became more widespread in the late 1800s, discussion of transgender people increased greatly and writers attempted to explain the origins of being transgender. Much study came out of Germany, and was exported to other Western audiences. Cross-dressing was seen in a pragmatic light until the late 1800s; it had previously served a satirical or disguising purpose. But in the latter half of the 1800s, cross-dressing and being transgender became viewed as an increasing societal danger.<a href="#cite_note-Janssen-2020-116">[115]</a>

<a href="William_A._Hammond" title="William A. Hammond">William A. Hammond</a> wrote an 1882 account of transgender <a href="Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a> "shamans" [<a href="Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] (mujerados), comparing them to the Scythian disease. Other writers of the late 1700s and 1800s (including Hammond's associates in the <a href="American_Neurological_Association" title="American Neurological Association">American Neurological Association</a>) had noted the widespread nature of transgender cultural practices among native peoples. Explanations varied, but authors generally did not ascribe native transgender practices to psychiatric causes, instead condemning the practices in a religious and moral sense. Native groups provided much study on the subject, and perhaps the majority of all study until after WWII.<a href="#cite_note-Janssen-2020-116">[115]</a>

Critical studies first began to emerge in the late 1800s in Germany, with the works of Magnus Hirschfeld. Hirschfeld coined the term "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Transvestit" class="extiw external" title="wikt:Transvestit">Transvestit</a>" in 1910, borrowed from 19th-century French word <a href="Travesti_(theatre)" title="Travesti (theatre)">travesti</a> with the same meaning,<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> as the scope of transgender study grew, and it was translated to English as "transvestite". His work would lead to the 1919 founding of the <a href="Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sexualwissenschaft" title="Institut für Sexualwissenschaft">Institut für Sexualwissenschaft</a> in Berlin. Though Hirscheld's legacy is disputed, he revolutionized the field of study. The Institut was destroyed when the Nazis seized power in 1933, and its research was infamously burned in the May 1933 Nazi book burnings.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> Transgender issues went largely out of the public eye until after World War II. Even when they re-emerged, they reflected a <a href="Forensic_psychology" title="Forensic psychology">forensic psychology</a> approach, unlike the more <a href="Sexological" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexological">sexological</a> that had been employed in the lost German research.<a href="#cite_note-Janssen-2020-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-LeVay-1996-127">[126]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Transgender_health_care" title="Transgender health care">Transgender health care</a></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Gender_transition" title="Gender transition">Gender transition</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mental_healthcare">Mental healthcare</h3></div>

People who experience discord between their gender and the expectations of others or whose gender identity conflicts with their body may benefit by talking through their feelings in depth. While individuals may find counseling or psychotherapy helpful, it is no longer recommended as a prerequisite for further transition steps.<a href="#cite_note-wpath-soc8-129">[128]</a> Research on gender identity with regard to psychology, and scientific understanding of the phenomenon and its related issues has existed for decades.<a href="#cite_note-Brown&Rounsley-130">[129]</a> The term gender incongruence is listed in the ICD by the <a href="World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a>. In the American (DSM), the term gender dysphoria is listed under code F64.0 for <a href="Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">adolescents and adults</a>, and F64.2 for <a href="Gender_dysphoria_in_children" title="Gender dysphoria in children">children</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DSM-V-R-131">[130]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>(Further information: <a href="Causes_of_gender_incongruence" title="Causes of gender incongruence">Causes of gender incongruence</a>.)

France removed gender identity disorder as a diagnosis by decree in 2010,<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> but according to French trans rights organizations, beyond the impact of the announcement itself, nothing changed.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> In 2017, the Danish parliament abolished the F64 Gender identity disorders. The <a href="DSM-5" title="DSM-5">DSM-5</a> refers to the topic as gender dysphoria (GD) while reinforcing the idea that being transgender is not considered a mental illness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarloch2016-135">[134]</a>

Transgender people may meet the criteria for a diagnosis of gender dysphoria "only if [being transgender] causes distress or disability."<a href="#cite_note-apatransgenderanswersdisorder-136">[135]</a> This distress may manifest as depression or inability to work and form healthy relationships with others. This diagnosis is often misinterpreted as implying that all transgender people suffer from GD, which has confused transgender people and those who seek to either criticize or affirm them. Transgender people who are comfortable with their gender and whose gender is not directly causing inner frustration or impairing their functioning do not suffer from GD. Moreover, GD is not necessarily permanent and is often resolved through therapy or transitioning. Feeling oppressed by the negative attitudes and behaviours of such others as legal entities does not indicate GD. GD does not imply an opinion of immorality; the psychological establishment holds that people with any kind of mental or emotional problem should not receive stigma. The solution for GD is whatever will alleviate suffering and restore functionality; this solution often, but not always, consists of undergoing a gender transition.<a href="#cite_note-Brown&Rounsley-130">[129]</a>

Clinical training lacks relevant information needed in order to adequately help transgender clients, which results in a large number of practitioners who are not prepared to sufficiently work with this population of individuals.<a href="#cite_note-L._Carroll,_P.J._Gilroy,_and_J._Ryan-137">[136]</a> Many mental healthcare providers know little about transgender issues. Those who seek help from these professionals often educate the professional without receiving help.<a href="#cite_note-Brown&Rounsley-130">[129]</a> This solution usually is good for transsexual people but is not the solution for other transgender people, particularly non-binary people who lack an exclusively male or female identity. Instead, therapists can support their clients in whatever steps they choose to take to transition or can support their decision not to transition while also addressing their clients' sense of congruence between gender identity and appearance.<a href="#cite_note-Kozee-2012-138">[137]</a>

Research on the specific problems faced by the transgender community in mental health has focused on diagnosis and clinicians' experiences instead of transgender clients' experiences.<a href="#cite_note-H.E._Benson-139">[138]</a> Therapy was not always sought by transgender people due to mental health needs. Prior to the seventh version of the <a href="Standards_of_Care_for_the_Health_of_Transsexual%2C_Transgender%2C_and_Gender_Nonconforming_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender Nonconforming People">Standards of Care</a> (SOC), an individual had to be diagnosed with gender identity disorder in order to proceed with hormone treatments or sexual reassignment surgery. The new version decreased the focus on diagnosis and instead emphasized the importance of flexibility in order to meet the diverse health care needs of transsexual, transgender, and all gender-nonconforming people.<a href="#cite_note-SOC-140">[139]</a>

The reasons for seeking mental health services vary according to the individual. A transgender person seeking treatment does not necessarily mean their gender identity is problematic. The emotional strain of dealing with stigma and experiencing <a href="Transphobia" title="Transphobia">transphobia</a> pushes many transgender people to seek treatment to improve their quality of life. As one trans woman reflected, "Transgendered individuals are going to come to a therapist and most of their issues have nothing to do, specifically, with being transgendered. It has to do because they've had to hide, they've had to lie, and they've felt all of this guilt and shame, unfortunately usually for years!"<a href="#cite_note-H.E._Benson-139">[138]</a> Many transgender people also seek mental health treatment for depression and anxiety caused by the stigma attached to being transgender, and some transgender people have stressed the importance of acknowledging their gender identity with a therapist in order to discuss other quality-of-life issues.<a href="#cite_note-H.E._Benson-139">[138]</a> Rarely, some choose to <a href="Detransition" title="Detransition">detransition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-detransitionestimates-141">[140]</a>

Problems still remain surrounding misinformation about transgender issues that hurt transgender people's mental health experiences. One trans man who was enrolled as a student in a psychology graduate program highlighted the main concerns with modern clinical training: "Most people probably are familiar with the term transgender, but maybe that's it. I don't think I've had any formal training just going through [clinical] programs ... I don't think most [therapists] know. Most therapists – Master's degree, PhD level – they've had ... one diversity class on GLBT issues. One class out of the huge diversity training. One class. And it was probably mostly about gay lifestyle."<a href="#cite_note-H.E._Benson-139">[138]</a> Many health insurance policies do not cover treatment associated with gender transition, and numerous people are under- or uninsured, which raises concerns about the insufficient training most therapists receive prior to working with transgender clients, potentially increasing financial strain on clients without providing the treatment they need.<a href="#cite_note-H.E._Benson-139">[138]</a> Many clinicians who work with transgender clients only receive mediocre training on gender identity, but introductory training on interacting with transgender people has recently been made available to health care professionals to help remove barriers and increase the level of service for the transgender population.<a href="#cite_note-Hanssman,_Morrison,_&_Russian-142">[141]</a> In May 2009, France became the first country in the world to remove transgender identity from the list of mental diseases.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a>

A 2014 study carried out by the <a href="Williams_Institute_on_Sexual_Orientation_and_Gender_Identity_Law_and_Public_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Law and Public Policy">Williams Institute</a> (a <a href="University_of_California%2C_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">UCLA</a> think tank) found that 41% of transgender people had attempted suicide, with the rate being higher among people who experienced discrimination in access to housing or healthcare, harassment, physical or sexual assault, or rejection by family.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> A 2019 follow-up study found that transgender people who wanted and received gender-affirming medical care had significantly lower rates of suicidal thoughts and attempts.<a href="#cite_note-Herman-2019-146">[145]</a> Another study on the impact of parental support on trans youth found that among trans children with supportive parents, only 4% attempted suicide, a 93% decrease.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETravers2012-147">[146]</a>

<caption>Suicidal thoughts and attempts by gender affirmation milestones<a href="#cite_note-Herman-2019-146">[145]</a>

</caption>

<th>Intervention Category</th>

<th>Suicidal Thoughts (Past 12 Months)</th>

<th>Suicidal Attempts (Past 12 Months)</th>

<th>Lifetime Suicidal Thoughts</th>

<th>Lifetime Suicidal Attempts

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>Want hormones and have not had them</td>

<td>41.1

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Want hormones and have had them</td>

<td>42.4

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Want reassignment surgery, have not had</td>

<td>41.5

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Want reassignment surgery, have had</td>

<td>39.5

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Have not "de-transitioned"</td>

<td>41.8

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Have "de-transitioned"</td>

<td>52.5

</td></tr></tbody></table>

Autism is more common in people who are gender dysphoric. It is not known whether there is a biological basis. This may be due to the fact that people on the autism spectrum are less concerned with societal disapproval, and feel less fear or inhibition about coming out as trans than others.<a href="#cite_note-Urquhart-2018-148">[147]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_healthcare">Physical healthcare</h3></div>

Medical and surgical procedures exist for transsexual and some transgender people, though most categories of transgender people as described above are not known for seeking the following treatments. <a href="Masculinizing_hormone_therapy" title="Masculinizing hormone therapy">Hormone replacement therapy for trans men</a> induces beard growth and masculinizes skin, hair, voice, and fat distribution. <a href="Feminizing_hormone_therapy" title="Feminizing hormone therapy">Hormone replacement therapy for trans women</a> feminizes fat distribution and breasts, as well as diminishes muscle mass and strength. <a href="Laser_hair_removal" title="Laser hair removal">Laser hair removal</a> or <a href="Electrology" title="Electrology">electrolysis</a> removes excess hair for trans women. Surgical procedures for trans women feminize the <a href="Voice_therapy_(trans)" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice therapy (trans)">voice</a>, <a href="Dermabrasion" title="Dermabrasion">skin</a>, <a href="Facial_feminization_surgery" title="Facial feminization surgery">face</a>, <a href="Chondrolaryngoplasty" title="Chondrolaryngoplasty">Adam's apple</a>, <a href="Breast_implant" title="Breast implant">breasts</a>, <a href="Liposuction" title="Liposuction">waist</a>, <a href="Buttock_augmentation" title="Buttock augmentation">buttocks</a>, and <a href="Sex_reassignment_surgery_male-to-female" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex reassignment surgery male-to-female">genitals</a>. Surgical procedures for trans men masculinize the <a href="Male_Chest_Reconstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Male Chest Reconstruction">chest</a> and <a href="Sex_reassignment_surgery_female-to-male" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex reassignment surgery female-to-male">genitals</a> and remove the <a href="Hysterectomy" title="Hysterectomy">womb</a>, <a href="Oophorectomy" title="Oophorectomy">ovaries, and fallopian tubes</a>. The acronyms "<a href="Gender-affirming_surgery" title="Gender-affirming surgery">Gender-affirming surgery (GAS)</a>" and "sex reassignment surgery" (SRS) refer to genital surgery. The term "sex reassignment therapy" (SRT) is used as an umbrella term for physical procedures required for transition. Use of the term "sex change" has been criticized for its emphasis on surgery, and the term "transition" is preferred.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGLAADn.d.¶&nbsp;"Term_to_avoid:_''sex_change'',_''pre-operative'',_''post-operative''"-149">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-pfaefflin-150">[149]</a> Availability of these procedures depends on degree of gender dysphoria, presence or absence of gender identity disorder,<a href="#cite_note-dsmivthree-151">[150]</a> and standards of care in the relevant jurisdiction.

Health risks among transgender people largely align with those of cisgender people with the same hormonal makeup, and the same routine cancer screenings are generally recommended as for cisgender people with the same organs.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> It has been suggested that trans men who have not had a hysterectomy and who take testosterone may be at increased risk for <a href="Endometrial_cancer" title="Endometrial cancer">endometrial cancer</a> due to the presence of external estrogen, but this theoretical risk has not been proven in a clinical setting, and providers do not recommend any additional preventive measures or routine screening.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Detransition">Detransition</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Detransition" title="Detransition">Detransition</a></div>

Detransition refers to the cessation or reversal of a sex reassignment surgery or gender transition. Formal studies of detransition have been few in number,<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> of disputed quality,<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> and politically controversial.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> Estimates of the rate at which detransitioning occurs vary from less than 1% to as high as 13%.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> Those who undergo sex reassignment surgery have very low rates of detransition or regret.<a href="#cite_note-detransitionestimates-141">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-turban-159">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a>

The 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey, with responses from 27,715 individuals who identified as "transgender, trans, genderqueer, [or] non-binary", found that 8% of respondents reported some kind of detransition. "Most of those who de-transitioned did so only temporarily: 62% of those who had de-transitioned reported that they were currently living full time in a gender different than the gender they were thought to be at birth."<a href="#cite_note-usts-84">[83]</a> Detransition was associated with assigned male sex at birth, nonbinary gender identity, and bisexual orientation, among other cohorts.<a href="#cite_note-turban-159">[158]</a> Only 5% of detransitioners (or 0.4% of total respondents) reported doing so because gender transition was "not for them"; 82% cited external reason(s), including pressure from others, the difficulties of transition, and discrimination. "The most common reason cited for de-transitioning was pressure from a parent (36%)."<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-usts-84">[83]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legality">Legality</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Legal_status_of_transgender_people" title="Legal status of transgender people">Legal status of transgender people</a></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Legal_recognition_of_non-binary_gender" title="Legal recognition of non-binary gender">Legal recognition of non-binary gender</a></div>

Legal procedures exist in some jurisdictions which allow individuals to change their legal gender or name to reflect their gender identity. Requirements for these procedures vary from an explicit formal diagnosis of <a href="Transsexualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Transsexualism">transsexualism</a>, to a diagnosis of gender identity disorder, to a letter from a physician that attests the individual's gender transition or having established a different gender role.<a href="#cite_note-Greenberg-163">[162]</a> In 1994, the DSM IV entry was changed from "Transsexual" to "Gender Identity Disorder". In 2013, the DSM V removed "Gender Identity Disorder" and published "Gender Dysphoria" in its place.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> In many places, transgender people are not legally protected from discrimination in the workplace or in public accommodations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhittle2002-26">[25]</a> A report released in February 2011 found that 90% of transgender Americans faced discrimination at work and were unemployed at double the rate of the general population, and over half had been harassed or turned away when attempting to access public services.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallara2011-24">[23]</a> Members of the transgender community also encounter high levels of discrimination in health care.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Transgender_rights_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender rights in Europe">Transgender rights in Europe</a></div>

As of 2017, 36 countries in Europe require a mental health diagnosis for legal gender recognition and 20 countries require sterilisation.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> In April 2017, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that requiring sterilisation for legal gender recognition violates human rights.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Transgender_rights_in_Canada" title="Transgender rights in Canada">Transgender rights in Canada</a></div>

Jurisdiction over legal classification of sex in Canada is assigned to the provinces and territories. This includes legal change of gender classification. On June 19, 2017, <a href="An_Act_to_amend_the_Canadian_Human_Rights_Act_and_the_Criminal_Code" title="An Act to amend the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Criminal Code">Bill C-16</a>, having passed the legislative process in the <a href="House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons of Canada</a> and the <a href="Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate of Canada</a>, became law upon receiving <a href="Royal_Assent" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Assent">Royal Assent</a>, which put it into immediate force.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-cbc-16jun2017-169">[168]</a> The law updated the <a href="Canadian_Human_Rights_Act" title="Canadian Human Rights Act">Canadian Human Rights Act</a> and the <a href="Criminal_Code_(Canada)" title="Criminal Code (Canada)">Criminal Code</a> to include "gender identity and gender expression" as protected grounds from discrimination, hate publications and advocating <a href="Transgender_genocide" title="Transgender genocide">transgender genocide</a>. The bill also added "gender identity and expression" to the list of aggravating factors in sentencing, where the accused commits a criminal offence against an individual because of those personal characteristics. Similar transgender laws also exist in all the provinces and territories.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Transgender_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender rights in the United States">Transgender rights in the United States</a></div>

In the United States, transgender people are protected from employment discrimination by Title VII of the <a href="Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>. Exceptions apply to certain types of employers, for example, employers with fewer than 15 employees and religious organizations.<a href="#cite_note-Finduslaw-171">[170]</a> In 2020, the U.S. Supreme Court affirmed that Title VII prohibits discrimination against transgender people in the case <a href="R.G._%26_G.R._Harris_Funeral_Homes_Inc._v._Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a>

<a href="Nicole_Maines" title="Nicole Maines">Nicole Maines</a>, a trans girl, took a case to Maine's supreme court in June 2013. She argued that being denied access to her high school's women's restroom was a violation of Maine's Human Rights Act; one state judge has disagreed with her,<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> but Maines won her lawsuit against the Orono school district in January 2014 before the Maine Supreme Judicial Court.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> On May 14, 2016, the <a href="United_States_Department_of_Education" title="United States Department of Education">United States Department of Education</a> and <a href="United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a> issued guidance directing public schools to allow transgender students to use bathrooms that match their gender identities.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a>

On June 30, 2016, the <a href="United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> removed the ban that prohibited transgender people from openly serving in the US military.<a href="#cite_note-Cronk-2016-176">[175]</a> On July 27, 2017, President <a href="Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> tweeted that transgender Americans would not be allowed to serve "in any capacity" in the <a href="United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reinstatement-177">[176]</a> Later that day, Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman <a href="Joseph_Dunford" title="Joseph Dunford">Joseph Dunford</a> announced, "there will be no modifications to the current policy until the president's direction has been received by the <a href="James_Mattis" class="mw-redirect" title="James Mattis">Secretary of Defense</a> and the secretary has issued implementation guidance."<a href="#cite_note-Kube-2017-178">[177]</a> <a href="Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> later reversed Trump's policy when he became president in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a>

While the topic of trans rights in the United States has often been contentious, it has become a deeply partisan <a href="Wedge_issue" title="Wedge issue">wedge issue</a> in recent years;<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> many pieces of legislation have been passed, and more proposed, that seek to limit the rights of transgender individuals, especially minors.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="LGBT_rights_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in India">LGBT rights in India § Transgender rights</a></div>

In April 2014, the <a href="Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> declared transgender to be a 'third gender' in Indian law.<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> The transgender community in India (made up of <a href="Hijra_(South_Asia)" title="Hijra (South Asia)">Hijras</a> and others) has a long history in India and in <a href="Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> Justice <a href="K._S._Panicker_Radhakrishnan" title="K. S. Panicker Radhakrishnan">KS Radhakrishnan</a> noted in his decision that, "Seldom, our society realizes or cares to realize the trauma, agony and pain which the members of Transgender community undergo, nor appreciates the innate feelings of the members of the Transgender community, especially of those whose mind and body disown their biological sex".<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> Hijras have faced structural discrimination including not being able to obtain driving licenses, and being prohibited from accessing various social benefits. It is also common for them to be banished from communities.<a href="#cite_note-worldpolicy-189">[188]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sociocultural_relationships">Sociocultural relationships</h2></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LGBTQ_community">LGBTQ community</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="LGBTQ" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a>, <a href="LGBTQ_community" title="LGBTQ community">LGBTQ community</a>, and <a href="LGBTQ_culture#Transgender_culture" title="LGBTQ culture">LGBTQ culture § Transgender culture</a></div>

Despite the distinction between sexual orientation and gender, throughout history gay, lesbian and bisexual subcultures were often the only places where gender-variant people were socially accepted in the <a href="Gender_role" title="Gender role">gender role</a> they felt they belonged to; especially during the time when legal or medical transitioning was almost impossible. This acceptance has had a complex history. Like the wider world, the <a href="Gay_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay community">gay community</a> in Western societies did not generally distinguish between sex and gender identity until the 1970s, and the role of the transgender community in the history of LGBTQ rights is often overlooked.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERetro_Report2015-190">[189]</a>

Transgender individuals have been part of various LGBTQ movements throughout history, with significant contributions dating back to the early days of the <a href="Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">gay liberation</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-Morris-2017-191">[190]</a>

The LGBTQ community is not a monolithic group, and there are different modes of thought on who is a part of this diverse community. The changes that came with the Gay Liberation Movement and <a href="Civil_Rights_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights movement">Civil Rights movement</a> saw many gay, lesbian, and bisexual people making headway within the public sphere, and gaining support from the wider public, throughout the latter half of the twentieth century. The trans community only experienced a similar surge in activism during the start of the twenty-first century.<a href="#cite_note-Morris-2017-191">[190]</a> Due to the many different groups that make up the broader LGBTQ movement, there are those within the larger community who do not believe that the trans community has a place within the LGBTQ space.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGamson1995-192">[191]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Transgender_people_and_religion" title="Transgender people and religion">Transgender people and religion</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feminism">Feminism</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics" title="Feminist views on transgender topics">Feminist views on transgender topics</a> and <a href="Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a></div>

Feminist views on transgender women have changed over time, but have generally become more positive. Second-wave feminism saw numerous clashes opposed to transgender women, since they were not seen as "true" women, and as invading women-only spaces.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marcus156-194">[193]</a> Though second-wave feminism argued for the sex and gender distinction, some feminists believed there was a conflict between transgender identity and the feminist cause; e.g., they believed that male-to-female transition abandoned or devalued female identity and that transgender people embraced traditional gender roles and stereotypes.<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> By the emergence of <a href="Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">third-wave feminism</a> (around 1990), opinions had shifted to being more inclusive of both trans and gay identities.<a href="#cite_note-grady_vox2-196">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-Witherspoon_Institute-197">[196]</a> <a href="Fourth-wave_feminism" title="Fourth-wave feminism">Fourth-wave feminism</a> (starting around 2012) has been widely trans-inclusive, but trans-exclusive groups and ideas remain as a minority, though one that is especially prominent in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-Flaherty_2018a-198">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-grady_vox2-196">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_2019-199">[198]</a> Feminists who do not accept that trans women are women have been labeled "trans-exclusionary radical feminists" (<a href="TERF" class="mw-redirect" title="TERF">TERFs</a>) or gender-critical feminists by opponents.<a href="#cite_note-Stryker-2016-200">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discrimination_and_support">Discrimination and support</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a></div>

Transgender individuals experience significant rates of employment discrimination. According to a 2011 aggregation of several studies, approximately 90% of transgender Americans had encountered some form of harassment or mistreatment in their workplace. 47% had experienced some form of adverse employment outcome due to being transgender; of this figure, 44% were passed over for a job, 23% were denied a promotion, and 26% were terminated on the grounds that they were transgender.<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a>

Studies in several cultures have found that cisgender women are more likely to be accepting of trans people than cisgender men.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a>

The start of the twenty-first century saw the rise in transgender activism and with it an increase in support.<a href="#cite_note-Morris-2017-191">[190]</a> Within the United States, groups such as the <a href="Trevor_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Trevor Project">Trevor Project</a> have been serving the wider LGBT community including people who identify with the term transgender. The group offers support in the form of educational resources including research, advocacy, and crisis services.<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> The American Civil Liberties Unions (ACLU) also often represents members of the trans community.<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a>

Other groups within the United States specifically advocate for transgender rights. One of these groups directly related to transgender support is the National Center for Transgender Equality (NCTE), which is committed to advocating for policy changes that protect transgender people and promote equality. Through their research, education, and advocacy efforts, the NCTE works to address issues such as healthcare access, employment discrimination, and legal recognition for transgender individuals.<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> One prominent organization within Europe is Transgender Europe (TGEU), a network of organizations and individuals committed to promoting equality and human rights for transgender people within European borders. TGEU works to challenge discrimination, improve transgender healthcare access, advocate for legal recognition of gender identity, and support the well-being of transgender communities.<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Transsexual#Demographics" title="Transsexual">Transsexual § Demographics</a></div>

Little is known about the prevalence of transgender people in the general population and reported prevalence estimates are greatly affected by variable

definitions of transgender.<a href="#cite_note-Collin2016-215">[214]</a> According to a recent systematic review, an estimated 9.2 out of every 100,000 people have received or requested gender affirmation surgery or transgender hormone therapy; 6.8 out of every 100,000 people have received a transgender-specific diagnoses; and 355 out of every 100,000 people self-identify as transgender.<a href="#cite_note-Collin2016-215">[214]</a> These findings underscore the value of using consistent terminology related to studying the experience of transgender, as studies that explore surgical or hormonal gender affirmation therapy may or may not be connected with others that follow a diagnosis of "transsexualism", "gender identity disorder", or "gender dysphoria", none of which may relate with those that assess self-reported identity.<a href="#cite_note-Collin2016-215">[214]</a> Common terminology across studies does not yet exist, so population numbers may be inconsistent, depending on how they are being counted.

A study in 2020 found that, since 1990, of those seeking sex hormone therapy for gender dysphoria there has been a steady increase in the percentage of trans men, such that they equal the number of trans women seeking this treatment.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a>

In <a href="Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> and <a href="Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Laos1-217">[216]</a> the term <a href="Kathoey" title="Kathoey">kathoey</a> is used to refer to male-to-female transgender people<a href="#cite_note-Thailand1-218">[217]</a> and <a href="Effeminate" class="mw-redirect" title="Effeminate">effeminate</a> gay men.<a href="#cite_note-Thailand2-219">[218]</a> However, many transgender people in Thailand do not identify as kathoey.<a href="#cite_note-Winter-220">[219]</a> Transgender people have also been documented in <a href="Transsexuality_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Transsexuality in Iran">Iran</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Iran1-221">[220]</a> Japan,<a href="#cite_note-Japan1-222">[221]</a> <a href="Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Nepal1-223">[222]</a> <a href="Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Indonesia1-224">[223]</a> <a href="Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Vietnam1-225">[224]</a> South Korea,<a href="#cite_note-SKorea1-226">[225]</a> <a href="LGBT_rights_in_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Jordan">Jordan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a> <a href="Transgender_people_in_Singapore" title="Transgender people in Singapore">Singapore</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Singapore1-228">[227]</a> and the <a href="Transgender_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender in China">greater Chinese region</a>, including Hong Kong,<a href="#cite_note-HongKong1-229">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-HongKong2-230">[229]</a> <a href="Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Taiwan1-231">[230]</a> and the People's Republic of China.<a href="#cite_note-PRC1-232">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-PRC3-233">[232]</a>

The cultures of the Indian subcontinent include a third gender, referred to as <a href="Hijra_(South_Asia)" title="Hijra (South Asia)">hijra</a> in Hindi. In India, the <a href="Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</a> on April 15, 2014, recognized a third gender that is neither male nor female, stating "Recognition of transgenders as a third gender is not a social or medical issue but a human rights issue."<a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a> In 1998, <a href="Shabnam_Mausi" title="Shabnam Mausi">Shabnam Mausi</a> became the first transgender person to be elected in India, in the central Indian state of <a href="Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe_2">Europe</h3></div>

According to <a href="Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, 1.5 million transgender people lived in the <a href="European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> as of 2017, making up 0.3% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM.H.2017-17">[16]</a> A 2011 survey conducted by the <a href="Equality_and_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Equality and Human Rights Commission">Equality and Human Rights Commission</a> in the UK found that of 10,026 respondents, 1.4% would be classified into a gender minority group. The survey also showed that 1% had gone through any part of a gender reassignment process (including thoughts or actions).<a href="#cite_note-ehrc2012-236">[235]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3></div>

The 2021 Canadian census released by <a href="Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a> found that 59,460 Canadians (0.19% of the population) identified as transgender.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaston2022-14">[13]</a> According to the Survey of Safety in Public and Private Spaces by Statistics Canada in 2018, 0.24% of the Canadian population identified as transgender men, women or non-binary individuals.<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a>

In the <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, over 1.6 million persons (ages 13 and up) identify as transgender, or 0.6 percent of people ages 13+, as of 2022.<a href="#cite_note-NYTJune2022-238">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-WilliamsInstituteJune2022-239">[238]</a>: 1 It's the case for 0.5% of adults (about 1.3 million persons) and 1.4% of youth (about 300,000 persons aged 13 to 17).<a href="#cite_note-NYTJune2022-238">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-WilliamsInstituteJune2022-239">[238]</a>: 1 Among adults, 38.5% (515,200) are <a href="Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">transgender women</a>, 35.9% (480,000) <a href="Trans_man" title="Trans man">transgender men</a>, and 25.6% (341,800) <a href="Gender_nonconformity" title="Gender nonconformity">gender nonconforming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WilliamsInstituteJune2022-239">[238]</a>: 1 The <a href="Social_Security_Administration" title="Social Security Administration">Social Security Administration</a> has tracked the sex of US citizens since 1936.<a href="#cite_note-Harris-240">[239]</a> A 1968 estimate, by Ira B. Pauly, estimated that about 2,500 transsexual people were living in the United States, with four times as many trans women as trans men.<a href="#cite_note-Pauly-241">[240]</a> One effort to quantify the modern population in 2011 gave a "rough estimate" that 0.3% of adults in the US are transgender.<a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a> In 2016, studies estimated the proportion of Americans who identify as transgender at 0.5 to 0.6%.<a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a>

In the United States and Canada, some <a href="Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> and <a href="First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> cultures traditionally recognize the existence of more than two genders,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulton1992603–610-248">[247]</a> such as the <a href="Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a> male-bodied <a href="Lhamana" title="Lhamana">lhamana</a>,<a href="#cite_note-thezunilhamana-249">[248]</a> the <a href="Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a> male-bodied <a href="Winkte" title="Winkte">winkte</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Medicine-250">[249]</a> and the <a href="Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mohave</a> male-bodied alyhaa and female-bodied hwamee.<a href="#cite_note-straightmyth-251">[250]</a> These traditional people, along with those from other <a href="Indigenous_peoples_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples of North America">North American Indigenous</a> cultures, are sometimes part of the contemporary, <a href="Pan-Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Indian">pan-Indian</a> <a href="Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">two-spirit</a> community.<a href="#cite_note-Medicine-250">[249]</a> Historically, in most cultures who have alternate gender roles, if the spouse of a third gender person is not otherwise <a href="Gender_variant" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender variant">gender variant</a>, they have not generally been regarded as other-gendered themselves, simply for being in a same-sex relationship.<a href="#cite_note-straightmyth-251">[250]</a> In Mexico, the <a href="Zapotec_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapotec people">Zapotec</a> culture includes a third gender in the form of the <a href="Muxe" title="Muxe">Muxe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sexualitiesandgendersinzapotecoaxaca-252">[251]</a> <a href="Mahu_(person)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahu (person)">Mahu</a> is a traditional third gender in Hawai'i and Tahiti. Mahu are valued as teachers, caretakers of culture, and healers, such as <a href="Kapaemahu" title="Kapaemahu">Kapaemahu</a>. Diné (Navajo) have <a href="N%C3%A1dleehi" title="Nádleehi">Nádleehi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Armstrong-2021-123">[122]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h3></div>

In Latin American cultures, a <a href="Travesti_(gender_identity)" title="Travesti (gender identity)">travesti</a> is an individual who has been assigned male at birth and who has a feminine, transfeminine, or "femme" gender identity. Travestis generally undergo hormonal treatment, use female gender expression including new names and pronouns from the masculine ones they were given when assigned a sex, and might use breast implants, but they are not offered or do not desire sex-reassignment surgery. Travesti might be regarded as a gender in itself (a "third gender"), a mix between man and woman ("intergender/androgynes"), or the presence of both masculine and feminine identities in a single person ("bigender"); they are framed as something entirely separate from transgender women.<a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a>

Other transgender identities are becoming more widely known, as a result of contact with other cultures of the Western world.<a href="#cite_note-Schulman-2013-254">[253]</a> These newer identities, sometimes known under the umbrella use of the term "genderqueer",<a href="#cite_note-Schulman-2013-254">[253]</a> along with the older travesti term, are known as non-binary and go along with binary transgender identities (those traditionally diagnosed under the obsolete label of "transsexualism") under the single umbrella of transgender, but are distinguished from cross-dressers and drag queens and kings, that are held as nonconforming gender expressions rather than transgender gender identities when a distinction is made.<a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3></div>

On the <a href="2023_New_Zealand_census" title="2023 New Zealand census">2023 New Zealand Census</a>, 26,097 people self-identified as transgender, defined by <a href="Statistics_New_Zealand" title="Statistics New Zealand">Stats NZ</a> as someone whose gender identity does not match their sex recorded at birth. This is 0.7 percent of all census-takers who were 15 years of age and older and usually residents of the country.<a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coming_out">Coming out</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Coming_out" title="Coming out">Coming out</a></div>

Coming out is the process of sharing one's identity with others, and can include sharing new pronouns and a new name.<a href="#cite_note-:1-257">[256]</a> Individuals who have come out are known as out.<a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a> The experience of coming out can change depending on whether the transgender individual is perceived as the gender with which they identify, which is known as passing.<a href="#cite_note-:1-257">[256]</a> In certain environments, some passing transgender individuals can choose to be stealth, which means to deliberately avoid coming out, often to avoid transphobia; these individuals are often out in other environments.<a href="#cite_note-:1-257">[256]</a> The decision for transgender people to come out to current or potential romantic or sexual partners can be especially difficult.<a href="#cite_note-:1-257">[256]</a>

The decision to come out is based on navigating others' gender expectations, reactions, and the threat of violence. Coming out is not a 'one-and-done' decision; rather, individuals make ongoing strategic decisions about their gender enactment and identity disclosure based on social contexts.<a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a>

The age at which transgender people come out can vary; some transgender individuals will know about and share their identities at a young age, while for others, the process is longer or more complicated.<a href="#cite_note-:2-260">[259]</a> Different transgender individuals choose to come out at different times during the <a href="Gender_transition" title="Gender transition">transition</a> process and to different people.<a href="#cite_note-:1-257">[256]</a> Some transgender individuals will choose to come out as bisexual, lesbian, or gay before recognizing their gender identity or choosing to come out as transgender.<a href="#cite_note-:2-260">[259]</a> Although there are some similarities, coming out as transgender is different than coming out as a sexual minority, such as lesbian, gay, or bisexual.<a href="#cite_note-:1-257">[256]</a> This is partly due to the relatively lower level of information that people have about transgender people compared to people who are sexual minorities.<a href="#cite_note-:1-257">[256]</a> Some come out in an <a href="Online_identity" title="Online identity">online identity</a> first, providing an opportunity to go through experiences virtually and safely before risking social implications in the real world.<a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a>

It may take time for people to understand and respond when a transgender person comes out.<a href="#cite_note-:1-257">[256]</a> Most transgender people feel healthier and happier when they come out and their gender identity is validated by others.<a href="#cite_note-:1-257">[256]</a>

Some transgender people choose not to come out at all.<a href="#cite_note-:1-257">[256]</a> For some, this decision can be because of stigma, lack of knowledge (by whom?) or fear of rejection by friends and family.<a href="#cite_note-:2-260">[259]</a> Upon coming out, transgender people can face discrimination, rejection, and violence.<a href="#cite_note-:1-257">[256]</a> These risks are heightened when transgender individuals are members of other <a href="Marginalised_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginalised communities">marginalized communities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-257">[256]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visibility">Visibility</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Transgender_Awareness_Week" title="Transgender Awareness Week">Transgender Awareness Week</a>, <a href="International_Transgender_Day_of_Visibility" title="International Transgender Day of Visibility">International Transgender Day of Visibility</a>, and <a href="Transgender_Day_of_Remembrance" title="Transgender Day of Remembrance">Transgender Day of Remembrance</a></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Media_portrayals_of_transgender_people" title="Media portrayals of transgender people">Media portrayals of transgender people</a> and <a href="Trans_march" title="Trans march">Trans march</a></div>

In 2014, the United States reached a "<a href="Transgender_tipping_point" title="Transgender tipping point">transgender tipping point</a>", according to <a href="Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>.<a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a> At this time, the media visibility of transgender people reached a level higher than seen before. Since then, the number of transgender portrayals across TV platforms has stayed elevated.<a href="#cite_note-264">[263]</a>

Annual marches, protests or gatherings take place around the world for transgender issues, often taking place during the time of local <a href="Pride_parade" title="Pride parade">Pride parades</a> for LGBTQ people. These events are frequently organised by trans communities to build community, address <a href="Human_rights_defenders" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights defenders">human rights struggles</a>, and create visibility.<a href="#cite_note-265">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[267]</a> <a href="International_Transgender_Day_of_Visibility" title="International Transgender Day of Visibility">International Transgender Day of Visibility</a> is an annual holiday occurring on March 31<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECBC2013-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[268]</a> dedicated to celebrating transgender people and raising awareness of discrimination faced by transgender people worldwide. The holiday was founded by Michigan-based transgender activist<a href="#cite_note-270">[269]</a> <a href="Rachel_Crandall_Crocker" title="Rachel Crandall Crocker">Rachel Crandall Crocker</a> in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-271">[270]</a>

<a href="Transgender_Day_of_Remembrance" title="Transgender Day of Remembrance">Transgender Day of Remembrance</a> (TDOR) is held every year on November 20 in honor of Rita Hester, who was killed on November 28, 1998. Her murder remains unsolved, but was described in 2022 as "a result of transphobia and anti-trans violence" by the Office of the <a href="Mayor_of_Boston" title="Mayor of Boston">Mayor of Boston</a>, <a href="Michelle_Wu" title="Michelle Wu">Michelle Wu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESudborough2022-27">[26]</a> TDOR memorializes victims of hate crimes and prejudice and raises awareness of hate crimes committed upon living transgender people.<a href="#cite_note-272">[271]</a> <a href="Transgender_Awareness_Week" title="Transgender Awareness Week">Transgender Awareness Week</a> is a one-week celebration leading up to TDOR, dedicated to educating about transgender and gender non-conforming people and the issues associated with their transition or identity.<a href="#cite_note-273">[272]</a> Several <a href="Trans_march" title="Trans march">trans marches</a> occur in cities around the world, including Paris, San Francisco, and Toronto, in order to raise awareness of the transgender community.<a href="#cite_note-274">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllday2023-275">[274]</a>

There are also significant <a href="Media_portrayals_of_transgender_people" title="Media portrayals of transgender people">portrayals of transgender people in the media</a>. <a href="Transgender_literature" title="Transgender literature">Transgender literature</a> includes literature portraying transgender people, as well as memoirs or novels by transgender people, who often discuss elements of the transgender experience.<a href="#cite_note-276">[275]</a> Several <a href="List_of_feature_films_with_transgender_characters" title="List of feature films with transgender characters">films</a> and <a href="List_of_transgender_characters_in_television" title="List of transgender characters in television">television shows</a> feature transgender characters in the storyline, and several <a href="List_of_fictional_trans_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fictional trans characters">fictional works</a> also have notable transgender characters.<a href="#cite_note-277">[276]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pride_symbols">Pride symbols</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="LGBT_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT symbols">LGBT symbols § Transgender</a></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Transgender_flag" title="Transgender flag">Transgender flag</a> and <a href="Gendered_associations_of_pink_and_blue" title="Gendered associations of pink and blue">Gendered associations of pink and blue</a></div>

A common symbol for the transgender community is the <a href="Transgender_flag#Helms'_design" title="Transgender flag">Transgender Pride Flag</a>, which was designed by the American transgender woman Monica Helms in 1999, and was first shown at a pride parade in <a href="Phoenix%2C_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix, Arizona</a>, in 2000. The flag consists of five horizontal stripes: light blue, pink, white, pink, and light blue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord2014-29">[28]</a> Other transgender symbols include the butterfly (symbolizing transformation or metamorphosis)<a href="#cite_note-278">[277]</a> and a pink/light blue <a href="Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">yin and yang</a> symbol.<a href="#cite_note-279">[278]</a> Several <a href="Gender_symbol" title="Gender symbol">gender symbols</a> have been used to represent transgender people, including ⚥ and <a href="%E2%9A%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="⚧">⚧</a>.<a href="#cite_note-280">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronzio2014-281">[280]</a>

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<ul><li><a href="List_of_fictional_trans_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fictional trans characters">List of fictional trans characters</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_transgender_people" title="List of transgender people">List of transgender people</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_transgender_publications" title="List of transgender publications">List of transgender publications</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_transgender-rights_organizations" title="List of transgender-rights organizations">List of transgender-rights organizations</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">List of people killed for being transgender</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_transgender_topics" title="Outline of transgender topics">Outline of transgender topics</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgender_culture_of_New_York_City" title="Transgender culture of New York City">Transgender culture of New York City</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgender_history" title="Transgender history">Transgender history</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFAshleyBrightly-BrownRider2024" class="citation journal cs1">Ashley, Florence; Brightly-Brown, Shari; Rider, G. Nic (10 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-024-01719-9">"Beyond the trans/cis binary: introducing new terms will enrich gender research"</a>. <a href="Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 630 (8016): 293–295. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024Natur.630..293A">2024Natur.630..293A</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-024-01719-9">10.1038/d41586-024-01719-9</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38858484">38858484</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPA2018-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPA2018_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAPA2018">APA 2018</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlank2014-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlank2014_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlank2014">Blank 2014</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Bevan-2014-42-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bevan-2014-42_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bevan-2014-42_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bevan-2014-42_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bevan-2014-42_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bevan-2014-42_5-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFBevan2014">Bevan 2014</a>. "The term transsexual was introduced by Cauldwell (1949) and popularized by Harry Benjamin (1966) [...]. The term transgender was coined by John Oliven (1965) and popularized by various transgender people who pioneered the concept and practice of transgenderism. It is sometimes said that Virginia Prince (1976) popularized the term, but history shows that many transgender people advocated the use of this term much more than Prince." Referencing <a href="#CITEREFOliven1965">Oliven 1965</a>, p. 514.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Polly-2011-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Polly-2011_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polly-2011_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPollyNicole2011">Polly & Nicole 2011</a>, p. 57. "The use of terminology by transsexual individuals to self-identify varies. As aforementioned, many transsexual individuals prefer the term transgender, or simply trans, as it is more inclusive and carries fewer stigmas. There are some transsexual individuals, however, who reject the term transgender; these individuals view transsexualism as a treatable congenital condition. Following medical and/or surgical transition, they live within the binary as either a man or a woman and may not disclose their transition history."

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Britannica''2024-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Britannica''2024_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Britannica''2024_7-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBritannica2024">Britannica 2024</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Franklin-2014-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Franklin-2014_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franklin-2014_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFranklin2014">Franklin 2014</a>, p. 740. "Transgender is an umbrella term for people whose gender identities, gender expressions, and/or behaviors are different from those culturally associated with the sex that they were assigned at birth. Transgender encompasses a wide variety of identities including, but not limited to, <a href="Transsexual" title="Transsexual">transsexual</a>, <a href="Genderqueer" class="mw-redirect" title="Genderqueer">genderqueer</a>, <a href="Bi-gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Bi-gender">bi-gender</a>, <a href="Third_gender" title="Third gender">third gender</a>, <a href="Cross-dresser" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-dresser">cross-dresser</a>, and <a href="Drag_king" title="Drag king">drag king</a>/<a href="Drag_queen" title="Drag queen">queen</a>."

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGLAADn.d.">GLAAD n.d.</a>

<ul><li>"An adjective to describe people whose gender identity differs from the sex they were assigned at birth" (¶ "Transgender").</li>

<li>"Many nonbinary people also call themselves transgender and consider themselves part of the transgender community" (¶ "Nonbinary People").</li></ul>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Variously:

<ul><li><a href="#CITEREFPetersenHyde2010">Petersen & Hyde 2010</a>, p. 486. "Transgender is a broad term characterized by a challenge of traditional gender roles and gender identity [...] For example, some cultures classify transgender individuals as a third gender, thereby treating this phenomenon as normative."</li>

<li><a href="#CITEREFTowleMorgan2013">Towle & Morgan 2013</a>, p. 666. "The authors note that, increasingly, in social science literature, the term third gender is being replaced by or conflated with the newer term transgender."</li>

<li><a href="#CITEREFReisnerConronScoutMimiaga2014">Reisner et al. 2014</a>, p. 99. "Transgender was defined broadly to cover those who transition from one gender to another as well as those who may not choose to socially, medically, or legally fully transition, including <a href="Cross-dresser" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-dresser">cross-dressers</a>, people who consider themselves to be <a href="Genderqueer" class="mw-redirect" title="Genderqueer">genderqueer</a>, <a href="Androgynous" class="mw-redirect" title="Androgynous">androgynous</a>, and those whose <a href="Gender_nonconformity" title="Gender nonconformity">gender nonconformity</a> is a part of their identity."</li></ul>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECDC2020-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECDC2020_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCDC2020">CDC 2020</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGEO2018-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGEO2018_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGEO2018">GEO 2018</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2022" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (27 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/220427/dq220427b-eng.htm">"The Daily — Canada is the first country to provide census data on transgender and non-binary people"</a>. <a href="Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220620215331/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/220427/dq220427b-eng.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaston2022-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaston2022_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaston2022_14-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEaston2022">Easton 2022</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGammarano2024" class="citation web cs1">Gammarano, Rosina (17 May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ilostat.ilo.org/blog/current-practices-in-measuring-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-in-population-censuses/">"Current practices in measuring sexual orientation and gender identity in population censuses"</a>. ILOSTAT. Retrieved 19 December 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFEconomic_Commission_for_Europe_Conference_of_European_Statisticians" class="citation web cs1">Economic Commission for Europe Conference of European Statisticians. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unece.org/DAM/stats/documents/ece/ces/2019/ECE_CES_2019_19-G1910227E.pdf">"In-depth review of measuring gender identity"</a> (PDF). <a href="United_Nations_Economic_%26_Social_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Economic & Social Council">United Nations Economic & Social Council</a>. Retrieved 19 December 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEM.H.2017-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM.H.2017_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM.H.2017_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFM.H.2017">M.H. 2017</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUCSFn.d.-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUCSFn.d._18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUCSFn.d.">UCSF n.d</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLammEckstein2015">Lamm & Eckstein 2015</a>, p. 745. "Many transgender people experience gender dysphoria – distress that results from the discordance of biological sex and experienced gender. Treatment for gender dysphoria, considered to be highly effective, includes physical, medical, and/or surgical treatments [...] some [transgender people] may not choose to transition at all."

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAP2024-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAP2024_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAP2024">AP 2024</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnsonHillBeach-FerraraRogers2019-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnsonHillBeach-FerraraRogers2019_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnsonHillBeach-FerraraRogers2019">Johnson et al. 2019</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinParadiseGoodwin2018-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinParadiseGoodwin2018_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKleinParadiseGoodwin2018">Klein, Paradise & Goodwin 2018</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELombardiWilchinsPriesingMalouf2008-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELombardiWilchinsPriesingMalouf2008_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLombardiWilchinsPriesingMalouf2008">Lombardi et al. 2008</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallara2011-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDallara2011_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDallara2011_24-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDallara2011">Dallara 2011</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradfordReisnerHonnoldXavier2013-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradfordReisnerHonnoldXavier2013_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBradfordReisnerHonnoldXavier2013">Bradford et al. 2013</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhittle2002-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhittle2002_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhittle2002_26-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhittle2002">Whittle 2002</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESudborough2022-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESudborough2022_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESudborough2022_27-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSudborough2022">Sudborough 2022</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECBC2013-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECBC2013_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECBC2013_28-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCBC2013">CBC 2013</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord2014-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord2014_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord2014_29-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFord2014">Ford 2014</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollyNicole2011-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollyNicole2011_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPollyNicole2011">Polly & Nicole 2011</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirschfeld1923-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirschfeld1923_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHirschfeld1923">Hirschfeld 1923</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAPA2024">APA 2024</a>. "According to the APA Style guide, the term transsexual is largely outdated, but some people identify with it; this term should be used only for an individual who specifically claims it."

</li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Variously:

<ul><li><a href="#CITEREFMills2015">Mills 2015</a>, p. 12. "Indeed, it is arguably only since the 1990s, with the coining of the umbrella term transgender, that gender variance has come to be understood, in certain activist and institutional settings, as being ontologically different from homosexuality."</li>

<li><a href="#CITEREFCurrah2006">Currah 2006</a>, p. 4. "From signifying a subject position between cross-dresser and transsexual, the meaning of transgender expanded radically in the early 1990s to include them, along with other cross-gender practices and identities."</li></ul>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-APA_Complicated-34"><a href="#cite_ref-APA_Complicated_34-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGlicksman2013" class="citation journal cs1">Glicksman, Eve (April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.org/monitor/2013/04/complicated">"Transgender terminology: It's complicated"</a>. Monitor on Psychology. 44 (4). <a href="American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a>: 39. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130925130527/http://www.apa.org/monitor/2013/04/complicated.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013. <q>Use whatever name and gender pronoun the person prefers</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Fenway_Meeting-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Fenway_Meeting_35-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131020025808/http://www.ama-assn.org/resources/doc/glbt/tfi-grand-rounds-makadon.ppt">"Meeting the Health Care Needs of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) People: The End to LGBT Invisibility"</a>. <a href="The_Fenway_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fenway Institute">The Fenway Institute</a>. p. 24. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ama-assn.org/resources/doc/glbt/tfi-grand-rounds-makadon.ppt">the original</a> (PowerPoint Presentation) on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013. <q>Use the pronoun that matches the person's gender identity</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGLAADn.d.">GLAAD n.d.</a>, ¶ "Term to avoid: transgenderism, gender ideology". <a href="#CITEREFGLAAD2023">GLAAD 2023</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimon2017">Simon 2017</a>. "According to scholars, the word first appeared in print in John F. Oliven's 1965 book, Sexual Hygiene and Pathology. Oliven writes: 'Where the compulsive urge reaches beyond female vestments, and becomes an urge for gender ("sex") change, transvestism becomes transsexualism. The term is misleading; actually, transgenderism is what is meant, because sexuality is not a major factor in primary transvestism.' Although Oliven's understanding of transgender is not the same as our understanding of it today, his use of it is still significant. As K.J. Rawson and Cristan Williams note in their book, Transgender*: The Rhetorical Landscape of a Term, Oliven didn't use the word in the book's 1955 edition; it was added later, when the second edition was revised and published. Gradually, some members of this marginalized community began to apply the word transgender to themselves. For example, Virginia Charles Prince, publisher of the long-running periodical Transvestia, occasionally used a variation of the word, transgenderal." Quoting <a href="#CITEREFOliven1965">Oliven 1965</a>, p. 514, and referencing <a href="#CITEREFRawsonWilliams2014">Rawson & Williams 2014</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlakemore2022-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlakemore2022_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlakemore2022">Blakemore 2022</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrince1969">Prince 1969</a>, p. 65. "I, at least, know the difference between sex and gender and have simply elected to change the latter and not the former. If a word is necessary, I should be termed a transgenderal."

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEkinsKing200613–14-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEkinsKing200613–14_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEkinsKing200613–14_40-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEkinsKing2006">Ekins & King 2006</a>, pp. 13–14.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEkinsKing1999">Ekins & King 1999</a>. "Virginia Prince pioneered the term 'transgenderist' and 'transgenderal' (Prince, 1976: 145) to refer to people who lived full-time in the gender opposite their biological sex, but did not seek sex/gender re-assignment surgery. Richard Ekins established the Trans-Gender Archive, at the University of Ulster, in 1986 (Ekins, 1988). The term was chosen to provide an umbrella concept which avoided such medical categories as transsexual and transvestite; which included the widest possible range of transgender phenomena; and which took the sociological view that aspects of sex, sexuality and gender (not just gender), including the binary divide, all have socially constructed components. Not long afterwards, the 'transgender community' came to be used as an umbrella term to include transsexuals, transvestites, transgenderists, drag queens, and so on, as well as (in some uses) to include their partners and friends and professional service providers."

</li>

<li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRayner1979">Rayner 1979</a>. <a href="#CITEREFDame-Griff2023">Dame-Griff 2023</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouman2020¶&nbsp;5-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBouman2020¶&nbsp;5_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBouman2020">Bouman 2020</a>, ¶ 5.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeo1984-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeo1984_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeo1984">Peo 1984</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFICTLEP1992">ICTLEP 1992</a>. "Transgendered persons include transsexuals, transgenderists, and other crossdressers of both sexes, transitioning in either direction (male to female or female to male), of any sexual orientation, and of all races, creeds, religions, ages, and degrees of physical impediment."

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStryker2008b-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStryker2008b_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStryker2008b">Stryker 2008b</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurrah20064-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurrah20064_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurrah2006">Currah 2006</a>, p. 4.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Variously:

<ul><li><a href="#CITEREFMallon1998">Mallon 1998</a>, pp. 275–276. "Transgender: Is a person whose gender identity is different from her/his biological gender. Many transgender individuals are persons who report feeling trapped in the wrong body. These people psychologically identify themselves with the opposite biological gender and desire to be a person of that gender."</li>

<li><a href="#CITEREFMerriam-Webstern.d.">Merriam-Webster n.d.</a> "especially: of, relating to, or being a person whose gender identity is opposite the sex the person had or was identified as having at birth".</li>

<li><a href="#CITEREFGazzaniga2018">Gazzaniga 2018</a>, p. 367. "A transgender person was born as one biological sex but feels that her true gender identity is that of the other sex."</li></ul>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2015-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2015_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartin2015">Martin 2015</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/the-road-to-inclusion-transgender-health-care-in-canada">"The Road to Inclusion: Transgender Health Care in Canada"</a>. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241203005012/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/the-road-to-inclusion-transgender-health-care-in-canada">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2024. Retrieved 19 December 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-TR2006-51"><a href="#cite_ref-TR2006_51-0">^</a> Transgender Rights (2006, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8166-4312-1</bdi>), edited by Paisley Currah, Richard M. Juang, Shannon Minter

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Alegria-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Alegria_52-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAlegria2011" class="citation journal cs1">Alegria, Christine Aramburu (April 2011). "Transgender identity and health care: Implications for psychosocial and physical evaluation: Transgender identity and health care". Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. 23 (4): 175–182. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1745-7599.2010.00595.x">10.1111/j.1745-7599.2010.00595.x</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21489011">21489011</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205909330">205909330</a>. <q>Transgender, Umbrella term for persons who do not conform to gender norms in their identity and/or behavior (Meyerowitz, 2002). Transsexual, Subset of transgenderism; persons who feel discordance between natal sex and identity (Meyerowitz, 2002)</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> For example, Virginia Prince used transgender to distinguish cross-dressers from transsexual people (<cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150211063223/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/prince_vc.html">"glbtq > social sciences >> Prince, Virginia Charles"</a>. glbtq.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/prince_vc.html">the original</a> on 11 February 2015.</cite>), writing in Men Who Choose to Be Women (in Sexology, February 1969) that "I, at least, know the difference between sex and gender and have simply elected to change the latter and not the former."

</li>

<li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=81336">"Sex -- Medical Definition"</a>. medilexicon.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222012037/http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=81336">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2014.</cite>: defines sex as a biological or physiological quality, while gender is a (psychological) "category to which an individual is assigned by self or others...".

</li>

<li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221213319/http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2006/swanstromn/novaswanstrom.pdf">"UNCW: Developing and Implementing a Scale to Assess Attitudes Regarding Transsexuality"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2006/swanstromn/novaswanstrom.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 21, 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Swanson-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Swanson_56-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSwenson2014" class="citation book cs1">Swenson, A. (2014). "Medical Care of the Transgender Patient". Family Medicine. <q>While some transsexual people still prefer to use the term to describe themselves, many transgender people prefer the term transgender to transsexual.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGLAADn.d.¶&nbsp;"''Transsexual''_(adj.)"-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGLAADn.d.¶&nbsp;"''Transsexual''_(adj.)"_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGLAADn.d.">GLAAD n.d.</a>, ¶ "Transsexual (adj.)".

</li>

<li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFParker1979" class="citation news cs1">Parker, Jerry (18 October 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.cristanwilliams.com/2011/08/21/christine-jorgensen-transgender-woman/">"Christine Recalls Life as Boy from the Bronx"</a>. Newsday/Winnipeg Free Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425161528/http://research.cristanwilliams.com/2011/08/21/christine-jorgensen-transgender-woman/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2012. <q>If you understand trans-genders," she says, (the word she prefers to transsexuals), "then you understand that gender doesn't have to do with bed partners, it has to do with identity.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.cristanwilliams.com/2012/02/06/1982-transgenders-transsexuals-christine-jorgensen/">"News From California: 'Transgender'"</a>. Appeal-Democrat/Associate Press. 11 May 1982. pp. A–10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120412004837/http://research.cristanwilliams.com/2012/02/06/1982-transgenders-transsexuals-christine-jorgensen/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2012. <q>she describes people who have had such operations' "transgender" rather than transsexual. "Sexuality is who you sleep with, but gender is who you are," she explained</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Fenway_Health_Glossary-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fenway_Health_Glossary_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenway_Health_Glossary_60-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019120607/http://www.fenwayhealth.org/site/DocServer/Handout_7-C_Glossary_of_Gender_and_Transgender_Terms__fi.pdf">"Glossary of Gender and Transgender Terms"</a> (PDF). Boston, Mass.: Fenway Health. January 2010. p. 15. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fenwayhealth.org/site/DocServer/Handout_7-C_Glossary_of_Gender_and_Transgender_Terms__fi.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 October 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Valentine-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Valentine_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valentine_61-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFValentine2007" class="citation journal cs1">Valentine, David (2007). "Imagining Transgender: An Ethnography of a Category". Duke University Press. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F9780822390213">10.1215/9780822390213</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8223-9021-3</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Stryker_2006-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stryker_2006_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stryker_2006_62-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFStryker2006" class="citation book cs1">Stryker, Susan (2006). "Introduction". In Stryker, Susan; Whittle, S. (eds.). The Transgender Studies Reader. New York: <a href="Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 1–17. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-135-39884-4</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWinters2008" class="citation book cs1">Winters, Kelley (2008). Gender Madness in American Psychiatry : essays from the struggle for dignity. Dillon, Colorado: GID Reform Advocates. p. 198. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781439223888</bdi>. <q>Some Transsexual individuals also identify with the broader transgender community; others do not.</q></cite>

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<li id="cite_note-benjaminscale-64"><a href="#cite_ref-benjaminscale_64-0">^</a> Benjamin, H. (1966). The transsexual phenomenon. New York: Julian Press, page 23.

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<li id="cite_note-Ekins2005-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Ekins2005_65-0">^</a> Ekins, Richard (2005). Science, politics and clinical intervention: Harry Benjamin, transsexualism and the problem of heteronormativity <a href="Sexualities_(journal)" title="Sexualities (journal)">Sexualities</a> July 2005 vol. 8 no. 3 306-328 <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1363460705049578">10.1177/1363460705049578</a>

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<li id="cite_note-Hansbury2008-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Hansbury2008_66-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHansbury2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hansbury, Griffin (2008). "The Middle Men: An Introduction to the Transmasculine Identities". Studies in Gender and Sexuality. 6 (3): 241–264. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15240650609349276">10.1080/15240650609349276</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Mardell-2016-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mardell-2016_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mardell-2016_67-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFHardell2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Ash_Hardell" title="Ash Hardell">Hardell, Ash</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/title/962263268">The ABC's of LGBT+</a>. Coral Gables, Florida: Mango Media Inc. p. 96. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781633534094</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240413205407/https://search.worldcat.org/title/962263268">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2024. Retrieved 13 April 2024.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Vincent-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Vincent_68-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFVincent2020" class="citation book cs1">Vincent, Ben (2020). Non-Binary Genders: Navigating Communities, Identities, and Healthcare. Bristol, UK: <a href="Policy_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Policy Press">Policy Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V53uDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17">17, note 10</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv138wrbg">10.2307/j.ctv138wrbg</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4473-5192-4</bdi>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv138wrbg">j.ctv138wrbg</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225850961">225850961</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGLAADn.d.">GLAAD n.d.</a>, ¶ "Term to avoid: transgendered". "The adjective transgender should never have an extraneous -ed tacked onto the end. An -ed suffix adds unnecessary length to the word and can cause tense confusion and grammatical errors. Not using the -ed suffix also brings transgender into alignment with lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer. You would not say that <a href="Elton_John" title="Elton John">Elton John</a> is gayed or <a href="Ellen_DeGeneres" title="Ellen DeGeneres">Ellen DeGeneres</a> is lesbianed, therefore you would not say <a href="Laverne_Cox" title="Laverne Cox">Laverne Cox</a> is transgendered. (Similarly, cisgender never needs an -ed at the end.)"

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Guardian_Style-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_Style_70-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-t">"Guardian and Observer style guide: T"</a>. London: Guardian News & Media. 20 November 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709224453/https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-t">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2017. <q>[U]se transgender [...] only as an adjective: transgender person, trans person; never 'transgendered person' or 'a transgender'.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-transgender,_adj._and_n." class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/247649">"transgender, adj. and n."</a>. <a href="Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (3rd ed.). <a href="Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. March 2003.</cite> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECleveland_Clinic2022-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleveland_Clinic2022_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCleveland_Clinic2022">Cleveland Clinic 2022</a>.

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<li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSteinmetz2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Steinmetz, Katy (3 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241207080057/https://time.com/5211799/what-does-trans-asterisk-star-mean-dictionary/">"The OED Just Added the Word 'Trans*.' Here's What It Means"</a>. <a href="Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5211799/what-does-trans-asterisk-star-mean-dictionary/">the original</a> on 7 December 2024. Retrieved 5 December 2024.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFTompkins2014" class="citation journal cs1">Tompkins, Avery (1 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://read.dukeupress.edu/tsq/article/1/1-2/26/91872/Asterisk">"Asterisk"</a>. TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly. 1 (1–2): 26–27. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F23289252-2399497">10.1215/23289252-2399497</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2328-9252">2328-9252</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Trans_PULSE_Canada_Report_No._1_or_10-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trans_PULSE_Canada_Report_No._1_or_10_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trans_PULSE_Canada_Report_No._1_or_10_75-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trans_PULSE_Canada_Report_No._1_or_10_75-2">c</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://transpulsecanada.ca/results/report-1/">"Trans PULSE Canada Report No. 1 or 10"</a>. 10 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200314014752/https://transpulsecanada.ca/results/report-1/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRivest2024" class="citation journal cs1">Rivest, Paul (June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.science/hal-04612848/">"Discourses of disclosure: the un/revolutionary potential of transmasculine sexual scripts"</a>. Quaderni del Dipartimento di Sociologia e Ricerca Sociale (8): 219–230.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCromwell1999" class="citation book cs1">Cromwell, Jason (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0G--BowVYg8C&dq=%22transness%22+%22transidentity%22&pg=PP11">Transmen and FTMs: Identities, Bodies, Genders, and Sexualities</a>. <a href="University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-252-06825-6</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLeal2021" class="citation journal cs1">Leal, Dodi T. B. (October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/theatre-research-international/article/abs/gender-in-danger-transdanger-people-in-performing-arts-in-brazil/6F6A9491CE5D25DCBA45883FF9162ED0">"Gender in Danger: Transdanger People in Performing Arts in Brazil"</a>. Theatre Research International. 46 (3): 398–406. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0307883321000341">10.1017/S0307883321000341</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-8833">0307-8833</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAlessandrin2013" class="citation journal cs1">Alessandrin, Arnaud (January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.science/hal-00789539/">"La question cisgenre"</a>. ¿ Interrogations ? Revue pluridisciplinaire de sciences humaines et sociales (15).</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGroneberg2018" class="citation journal cs1">Groneberg, Michael (2018). Schneider, Erik; Baltes-Löhr, Christel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/37406/1/9783839430200.pdf#page=64">"The Concept of Human Gender: Its Epistemological and Ethical Impact"</a> (PDF). Normed Children: Effects of Gender and Sex Related Normativity on Childhood and Adolescence. Gender Studies: 63–80. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14361%2F9783839430200-006">10.14361/9783839430200-006</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-8376-3020-6</bdi>. Retrieved 7 February 2025.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-apatransgenderanswers-81"><a href="#cite_ref-apatransgenderanswers_81-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100615045832/http://apa.org/topics/sexuality/transgender.aspx">"Answers to Your Questions About Transgender Individuals and Gender Identity"</a>. <a href="American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.org/topics/sexuality/transgender.aspx">the original</a> on 15 June 2010. <q>What is the relationship between transgender and sexual orientation?</q></cite>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGLAADn.d.¶_"Sexual_Orientation"-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGLAADn.d.¶_"Sexual_Orientation"_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGLAADn.d.">GLAAD n.d.</a>, ¶ "Sexual Orientation".

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<li id="cite_note-BocktingBenner2009-83"><a href="#cite_ref-BocktingBenner2009_83-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBocktingBennerColeman2009" class="citation journal cs1">Bockting, Walter; Benner, Autumn; <a href="Eli_Coleman" title="Eli Coleman">Coleman, Eli</a> (28 March 2009). "Gay and Bisexual Identity Development Among Female-to-Male Transsexuals in North America: Emergence of a Transgender Sexuality". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 38 (5): 688–701. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10508-009-9489-3">10.1007/s10508-009-9489-3</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19330439">19330439</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27207925">27207925</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-usts-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usts_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-usts_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-usts_84-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-usts_84-3">d</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/usts/USTS-Full-Report-Dec17.pdf">"The Report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey"</a> (PDF). <a href="National_Center_for_Transgender_Equality" class="mw-redirect" title="National Center for Transgender Equality">National Center for Transgender Equality</a>. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161209150153/http://www.transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/USTS-Full-Report-FINAL.PDF">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 December 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Haefele-Thomas-2019-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Haefele-Thomas-2019_85-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHaefele-Thomas2019" class="citation book cs1">Haefele-Thomas, Ardel (5 February 2019). Introduction to Transgender Studies. Contributions by Combs, Thatcher. Illustrated by Rains, Cameron. Foreword by Stryker, Susan. Introduction by Clifford, Jo. New York, NY, US: Harrington Park Press. pp. 107–110. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-939594-28-0</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1048658263">1048658263</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Gill-Peterson-2018-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Gill-Peterson-2018_86-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGill-Peterson2018" class="citation book cs1">Gill-Peterson, Julian (23 October 2018). Histories of the Transgender Child. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 80–90. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4529-5815-6</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1027732161">1027732161</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-classnongendysphoria-87"><a href="#cite_ref-classnongendysphoria_87-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBlanchard1989" class="citation journal cs1">Blanchard, Ray (1989). "The classification and labeling of nonhomosexual gender dysphorias". <a href="Archives_of_Sexual_Behavior" title="Archives of Sexual Behavior">Archives of Sexual Behavior</a>. 18 (4): 315–334. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01541951">10.1007/BF01541951</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2673136">2673136</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43151898">43151898</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-bagemihl-88"><a href="#cite_ref-bagemihl_88-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBagemihl1997" class="citation book cs1">Bagemihl, B. (1997). "Surrogate phonology and transsexual faggotry: A linguistic analogy for uncoupling sexual orientation from gender identity". In Livia, Anna; Hall, Kira (eds.). Queerly Phrased: Language, Gender, and Sexuality. <a href="Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 380–401. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780195104707.003.0023">10.1093/oso/9780195104707.003.0023</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0195104714</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-wahng-89"><a href="#cite_ref-wahng_89-0">^</a> Wahng SJ (2004). Double Cross: Transmasculinity Asian American Gendering in Trappings of Transhood. in Aldama AJ (ed.) Violence and the Body: Race, Gender, and the State. Indiana University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>025334171X</bdi>

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<li id="cite_note-leiblum2000-90"><a href="#cite_ref-leiblum2000_90-0">^</a> Leiblum SR, Rosen RC (2000). Principles and Practice of Sex Therapy, Third Edition. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-57230-574-6</bdi>, Guilford Press of New York, c2000.

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<li id="cite_note-dsmivtwo-91"><a href="#cite_ref-dsmivtwo_91-0">^</a> APA task force (1994) "...For sexually mature individuals, the following specifiers may be noted based on the individual's sexual orientation: Sexually Attracted to Males, Sexually Attracted to Females, Sexually Attracted to Both, and Sexually Attracted to Neither..." in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mental-health-today.com/gender/dsm.htm">DSM-IV: Sections 302.6 and 302.85</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070211020457/http://www.mental-health-today.com/gender/dsm.htm">Archived</a> 2007-02-11 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> published by the American Psychiatric Association. Retrieved via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mental-health-matters.com/">Mental Health Matters</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070407163232/http://www.mental-health-matters.com/">Archived</a> 2007-04-07 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on 2007-04-06.

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<li id="cite_note-councritgendeth-92"><a href="#cite_ref-councritgendeth_92-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGoethalsSchwiebert2005" class="citation journal cs1">Goethals, Susanne C.; Schwiebert, Valerie L. (September 2005). "Counseling as a Critique of Gender: On the Ethics of Counseling Transgendered Clients". International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling. 27 (3): 457–469. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10447-005-8206-8">10.1007/s10447-005-8206-8</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143746919">143746919</a> – via springerlink.com/. <q>...counselors to rethink their assumptions regarding gender, sexuality and sexual orientation. In addition, they supported counselors' need to adopt a transpositive disposition to counseling and to actively advocate for transgendered persons...</q></cite>

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<li id="cite_note-TV2-101"><a href="#cite_ref-TV2_101-0">^</a> various (2006) "trans·ves·tite... (plural trans·ves·tites), noun. Definition: somebody who dresses like opposite sex:" in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_/transvestite.html">Definition of the word "transvestite"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071109164009/http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_/transvestite.html">Archived</a> 2007-11-09 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/dictionaryhome.aspx">Encarta World English Dictionary (North American Edition)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110410031005/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/dictionaryhome.aspx">Archived</a> April 10, 2011, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 2007-08-13.

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<li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFNicolas)1843" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nicolas), Bescherelle (M , Louis (1843). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xeMsAAAAYAAJ">Dictionnaire usuel de tous les verbes français: tant réguliers qu'irréguliers, entièrement conjugués, contenant par ordre alphabétique les 7,000 verbes de la langue française avec leur conjugaison complète, et la solution analytique et raisonnée de toutes les difficultés auxquelles ils peuvent donner lieu</a> (in French). Vol. 2. Chez Breteau & Pichery. p. 896.</cite><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hmd.org.uk/resource/6-may-1933-looting-of-the-institute-of-sexology/">"Holocaust Memorial Day Trust | 6 May 1933: Looting of the Institute of Sexology"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220307055315/https://www.hmd.org.uk/resource/6-may-1933-looting-of-the-institute-of-sexology/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-LeVay-1996-127"><a href="#cite_ref-LeVay-1996_127-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLeVay1996" class="citation book cs1">LeVay, Simon (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/queerscience.htm">Queer Science: The Use and Abuse of Research into Homosexuality</a>. <a href="MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7551%2Fmitpress%2F5726.001.0001">10.7551/mitpress/5726.001.0001</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780262278201</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171213181804/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/queerscience.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2022 – via <a href="The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/10568650">"Death of De Lacy Evans"</a>. <a href="The_Argus_(Melbourne)" title="The Argus (Melbourne)">The Argus</a>. Melbourne. 27 August 1901. p. 5. Retrieved 4 October 2013 – via <a href="National_Library_of_Australia" title="National Library of Australia">National Library of Australia</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-wpath-soc8-129"><a href="#cite_ref-wpath-soc8_129-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFColemanRadix2022" class="citation journal cs1">Coleman, E.; Radix, A. E.; et al. (WPATH) (19 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9553112">"Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, Version 8"</a>. <a href="International_Journal_of_Transgender_Health" title="International Journal of Transgender Health">International Journal of Transgender Health</a>. 23 (Suppl 1): S1 – S259. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F26895269.2022.2100644">10.1080/26895269.2022.2100644</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2689-5269">2689-5269</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9553112">9553112</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36238954">36238954</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Brown&Rounsley-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown&Rounsley_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown&Rounsley_130-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown&Rounsley_130-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFBrownRounsley1996" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Mildred L.; Rounsley, Chloe Ann (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trueselvesunders0000brow_v7w8/page/n295/mode/2up">True Selves: Understanding Transsexualism – For Families, Friends, Coworkers, and Helping Professionals</a>. California: Jossey-Bass: San Francisco. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7879-6702-5</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-DSM-V-R-131"><a href="#cite_ref-DSM-V-R_131-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Psychiatric_Association2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a> (18 March 2022). "Gender Dysphoria". Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev. ed.). American Psychiatric Association Publishing. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.books.9780890425787.x14_Gender_Dysophoria">10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787.x14_Gender_Dysophoria</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-89042-575-6</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAtwill2010" class="citation web cs1">Atwill, Nicole (17 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170511065253/http://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/france-gender-identity-disorder-dropped-from-list-of-mental-illnesses/">"France: Gender Identity Disorder Dropped from List of Mental Illnesses | Global Legal Monitor"</a>. <a href="Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/france-gender-identity-disorder-dropped-from-list-of-mental-illnesses/">the original</a> on 11 May 2017. Retrieved 18 October 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/05/16/la-transsexualite-ne-sera-plus-classee-comme-affectation-psychiatrique_1193860_3224.html">"La transsexualité ne sera plus classée comme affectation psychiatrique"</a> [Transsexuality will no longer be classified as a psychiatric condition]. <a href="Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a> (in French). 16 May 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180226213224/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/05/16/la-transsexualite-ne-sera-plus-classee-comme-affectation-psychiatrique_1193860_3224.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liberation.fr/societe/2011/05/17/la-france-est-tres-en-retard-dans-la-prise-en-charge-des-transsexuels_736344">"La France est très en retard dans la prise en charge des transsexuels"</a>. <a href="Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération">Libération</a> (in French). 17 May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141130231929/http://www.liberation.fr/societe/2011/05/17/la-france-est-tres-en-retard-dans-la-prise-en-charge-des-transsexuels_736344">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2014. <q>En réalité, ce décret n'a été rien d'autre qu'un coup médiatique, un très bel effet d'annonce. Sur le terrain, rien n'a changé.</q> [In reality, this decree was nothing more than a media stunt, a very nice announcement effect. On the ground, nothing has changed.]</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarloch2016-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarloch2016_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarloch2016">Garloch 2016</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-apatransgenderanswersdisorder-136"><a href="#cite_ref-apatransgenderanswersdisorder_136-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100615045832/http://apa.org/topics/sexuality/transgender.aspx">"Answers to Your Questions About Transgender Individuals and Gender Identity"</a>. <a href="American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.org/topics/sexuality/transgender.aspx">the original</a> on 15 June 2010. <q>Is being transgender a mental disorder?</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-L._Carroll,_P.J._Gilroy,_and_J._Ryan-137"><a href="#cite_ref-L._Carroll,_P.J._Gilroy,_and_J._Ryan_137-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCarrollGilroyRyan2002" class="citation journal cs1">Carroll, L.; Gilroy, P. J.; Ryan, J. (2002). "Transgender issues in counselor education". Counselor Education and Supervision. 41 (3): 233–242. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1556-6978.2002.tb01286.x">10.1002/j.1556-6978.2002.tb01286.x</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Kozee-2012-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Kozee-2012_138-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKozeeTylkaBauerband2012" class="citation journal cs1">Kozee, H. B.; Tylka, T. L.; Bauerband, L. A. (2012). "Measuring transgender individuals' comfort with gender identity and appearance: Development and validation of the Transgender Congruence Scale". <a href="Psychology_of_Women_Quarterly" title="Psychology of Women Quarterly">Psychology of Women Quarterly</a>. 36 (2). <a href="SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>: 179–196. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0361684312442161">10.1177/0361684312442161</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10564167">10564167</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-H.E._Benson-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H.E._Benson_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-H.E._Benson_139-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-H.E._Benson_139-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-H.E._Benson_139-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-H.E._Benson_139-4">e</a> <cite id="CITEREFBenson2013" class="citation journal cs1">Benson, Kristen E. (2013). "Seeking support: Transgender client experiences with mental health services". Journal of Feminist Family Therapy. 25 (1): 17–40. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08952833.2013.755081">10.1080/08952833.2013.755081</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144491629">144491629</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-SOC-140"><a href="#cite_ref-SOC_140-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303035205/http://www.wpath.org/documents/Standards%20of%20Care%20V7%20-%202011%20WPATH.pdf">"Standards of care for the health of transsexual, transgender, and gender nonconforming people – 7th version"</a> (PDF). <a href="The_World_Professional_Association_for_Transgender_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="The World Professional Association for Transgender Health">The World Professional Association for Transgender Health</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wpath.org/documents/Standards%20of%20Care%20V7%20-%202011%20WPATH.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-detransitionestimates-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-detransitionestimates_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-detransitionestimates_141-1">b</a> Detransition estimates:

<ul><li>"Detransitioning after surgical interventions ... is exceedingly rare. Research has often put the percentage of regret between 1 and 2% ... Detransitioning is actually far more common in the stages before surgery, when people are still exploring their options. 'There are people who take hormones and then decide to go off hormones,' says Randi Ettner, a therapist who has served on the board of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health. 'That is not uncommon.'" <a href="#CITEREFClark-Flory2015">Clark-Flory 2015</a></li>

<li>"There were 15 (5 [female-to-male] and 10 [male-to-female]) regret applications corresponding to a 2.2% regret rate for both sexes. There was a significant decline of regrets over the time period." (Dhejne et al. define "regret" as "application for reversal of the legal gender status among those who were sex reassigned" which "gives the person the right to treatment to reverse the body as much as possible."), "the median time lag until applying for a reversal was 8 years." <a href="#CITEREFDhejne_et_al.2014">Dhejne et al. 2014</a></li></ul>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Hanssman,_Morrison,_&_Russian-142"><a href="#cite_ref-Hanssman,_Morrison,_&_Russian_142-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHanssmannMorrisonRussian2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hanssmann, C.; Morrison, D.; Russian, E. (2008). "Talking, gawking, or getting it done: Providing trainings to increase cultural and clinical competence for transgender and gender-nonconforming patients and clients". <a href="Sexuality_Research_and_Social_Policy" title="Sexuality Research and Social Policy">Sexuality Research and Social Policy</a>. 5: 5–23. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fsrsp.2008.5.1.5">10.1525/srsp.2008.5.1.5</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52025741">52025741</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130910105007/http://trans.ilga.org/trans/welcome_to_the_ilga_trans_secretariat/news/france_transsexualism_will_no_longer_be_classified_as_a_mental_illness_in_france">"France: Transsexualism will no longer be classified as a mental illness in France"</a>. <a href="ILGA" class="mw-redirect" title="ILGA">ILGA</a>. ilga.org. 16 May 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trans.ilga.org/trans/welcome_to_the_ilga_trans_secretariat/news/france_transsexualism_will_no_longer_be_classified_as_a_mental_illness_in_france">the original</a> on 10 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2010/02/12/le-transsexualisme-n-est-plus-une-maladie-mentale-en-france_1305090_3224.html">"Le transsexualisme n'est plus une maladie mentale en France"</a> [Transsexualism is no longer a mental illness in France]. <a href="Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a> (in French). December 2, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100213052734/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2010/02/12/le-transsexualisme-n-est-plus-une-maladie-mentale-en-france_1305090_3224.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2010. Retrieved 12 February 2010.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHaasRodgersHerman2014" class="citation book cs1">Haas, Ann P.; Rodgers, Philip L.; Herman, Jody L. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171008072751/https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/AFSP-Williams-Suicide-Report-Final.pdf">Suicide Attempts among Transgender and Gender Non-Conforming Adults: Findings of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey</a> (PDF). <a href="American_Foundation_for_Suicide_Prevention" title="American Foundation for Suicide Prevention">American Foundation for Suicide Prevention</a> and the <a href="Williams_Institute_on_Sexual_Orientation_and_Gender_Identity_Law_and_Public_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Law and Public Policy">Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Law and Public Policy</a>. pp. 2–3, 11. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/AFSP-Williams-Suicide-Report-Final.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 October 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Herman-2019-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herman-2019_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herman-2019_146-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFHermanBrownHaas2019" class="citation web cs1">Herman, Jody L.; Brown, Taylor N. T.; Haas, Ann P. (September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200513172602/https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Suicidality-Transgender-Sep-2019.pdf">"Suicide Thoughts and Attempts Among Transgender Adults"</a> (PDF). <a href="Williams_Institute_on_Sexual_Orientation_and_Gender_Identity_Law_and_Public_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Law and Public Policy">Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Law and Public Policy</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Suicidality-Transgender-Sep-2019.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETravers2012-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETravers2012_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTravers2012">Travers 2012</a>. sfn error: no target: CITEREFTravers2012 (help)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Urquhart-2018-148"><a href="#cite_ref-Urquhart-2018_148-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFUrquhart2018" class="citation web cs1">Urquhart, Evan (21 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/human-interest/2018/03/why-are-a-disproportionate-number-of-autistic-youth-transgender.html">"A Disproportionate Number of Autistic Youth Are Transgender. Why?"</a>. <a href="Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180321223559/https://slate.com/human-interest/2018/03/why-are-a-disproportionate-number-of-autistic-youth-transgender.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGLAADn.d.¶&nbsp;"Term_to_avoid:_''sex_change'',_''pre-operative'',_''post-operative''"-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGLAADn.d.¶&nbsp;"Term_to_avoid:_''sex_change'',_''pre-operative'',_''post-operative''"_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGLAADn.d.">GLAAD n.d.</a>, ¶ "Term to avoid: sex change, pre-operative, post-operative".

</li>

<li id="cite_note-pfaefflin-150"><a href="#cite_ref-pfaefflin_150-0">^</a> Pfäfflin F., Junge A. (1998) "...This critique for the use of the term sex change in connection to sex reassignment surgery stems from the concern about the patient, to take the patient seriously...." in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070503090247/http://www.symposion.com/ijt/pfaefflin/1000.htm">Sex Reassignment: Thirty Years of International Follow-Up Studies: A Comprehensive Review, 1961–1991</a> from the Electronic Book Collection of the International Journal of Transgenderism. Retrieved 2007-09-06.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-dsmivthree-151"><a href="#cite_ref-dsmivthree_151-0">^</a> APA task force (1994) "...preoccupation with getting rid of primary and secondary sex characteristics..." in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mental-health-today.com/gender/dsm.htm">DSM-IV: Sections 302.6 and 302.85</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070211020457/http://www.mental-health-today.com/gender/dsm.htm">Archived</a> 2007-02-11 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> published by the <a href="American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a>. Retrieved via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mental-health-matters.com/">Mental Health Matters</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070407163232/http://www.mental-health-matters.com/">Archived</a> 2007-04-07 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on 2007-04-06.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHedian" class="citation web cs1">Hedian, Helene Frances. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/transgender-health-what-you-need-to-know#:~:text=Research%20shows%20that%20transgender%20and,toward%20trans%20and%20genderfluid%20people.">"Transgender Health Care"</a>. Johns Hopkins Medicine. <a href="Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a>. Retrieved 7 February 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWesp2016" class="citation web cs1">Wesp, Linda (17 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://transcare.ucsf.edu/guidelines/ovarian-cancer">"Ovarian and endometrial cancer considerations in transgender men"</a>. UCSF Transgender Care & Treatment Guidelines. San Francisco: University of California - San Francisco. Retrieved 7 February 2025.</cite>

</li>

<ul><li>"There is a paucity of literature." <a href="#CITEREFDanker_et_al.2018">Danker et al. 2018</a></li>

<li>"We urgently need systematic data on this point in order to inform best practice clinical care." <a href="#CITEREFZucker2019">Zucker 2019</a></li></ul>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> "The research on outcomes post-transition is mixed at best." <a href="#CITEREFMarchiano2017">Marchiano 2017</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> "[R]esearch in this field is extremely controversial." <a href="#CITEREFDanker_et_al.2018">Danker et al. 2018</a>

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<li id="cite_note-Winter-220"><a href="#cite_ref-Winter_220-0">^</a> Winter, Sam (2003). Research and discussion paper: Language and identity in transgender: gender wars and the case of the Thai kathoey. Paper presented at the Hawaii conference on Social Sciences, Waikiki, June 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/paper_language_and_identity.htm">Article online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120329163435/http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/paper_language_and_identity.htm">Archived</a> 29 March 2012 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.

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<li id="cite_note-Iran1-221"><a href="#cite_ref-Iran1_221-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHarrison2005" class="citation web cs1">Harrison, F. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070817100337/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/newsnight/4115535.stm">"Iran's sex-change operations"</a>. <a href="BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/newsnight/4115535.stm">the original</a> on 17 August 2007. Retrieved 22 July 2007. <q>...He shows me the book in Arabic in which, 41 years ago, Ayatollah Khomeini wrote about new medical issues like transsexuality. "I believe he was the first Islamic scientist in the world of Islam who raised the issue of sex change," says Hojatulislam Kariminia. The Ayatollah's ruling that sex-change operations were allowed has been reconfirmed by Iran's current spiritual leader...</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Japan1-222"><a href="#cite_ref-Japan1_222-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMitsuhashi2006" class="citation journal cs1">Mitsuhashi, J. (2006). "The transgender world in contemporary Japan: the male to female cross-dressers' community in Shinjuku". Inter-Asia Cultural Studies. 7 (2). Translated by Hasegawa, K.: 202–227. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14649370600673847">10.1080/14649370600673847</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143080943">143080943</a>. <q>...the male to female cross-dressing (MTFCD) community in Shinjuku, Tokyo, which plays an important role in the overall transgender world and how people in the community think and live...</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Nepal1-223"><a href="#cite_ref-Nepal1_223-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHaviland2005" class="citation web cs1">Haviland, C. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070828102820/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4202893.stm">"Crossing sexual boundaries in Nepal"</a>. <a href="BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4202893.stm">the original</a> on 28 August 2007. Retrieved 22 July 2007. <q>...The Gurung people of western Nepal have a tradition of men called maarunis, who dance in female clothes...</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Indonesia1-224"><a href="#cite_ref-Indonesia1_224-0">^</a> Graham, S. (2002) "...Among the Bugis of South Sulawesi, possibly four genders are acknowledged plus a fifth para-gender identity. In addition to male-men (oroane) and female-women (makunrai)..., there are calalai (masculine females), calabai (feminine males), and bissu..." in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/paper_priests_and_gender.htm">Priests and gender in South Sulawesi, Indonesia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011215412/http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/paper_priests_and_gender.htm">Archived</a> 2007-10-11 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/">Transgender ASIA Research Centre</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070823115109/http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/">Archived</a> 2007-08-23 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 2007-07-22.

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<li id="cite_note-Vietnam1-225"><a href="#cite_ref-Vietnam1_225-0">^</a> Walters, I. (2006) "...In Vietnam, male to female (MtF) transgender people are categorised as lai cai, bong cai, bong lai cai, dong co, or be-de..." in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/paper_vietnam.htm">Vietnam Some notes by Ian Walters</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011220422/http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/paper_vietnam.htm">Archived</a> 2007-10-11 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/">Transgender ASIA Research Centre</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070823115109/http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/">Archived</a> 2007-08-23 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 2007-07-22.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-SKorea1-226"><a href="#cite_ref-SKorea1_226-0">^</a> Shim, S. (2006) "...Rush, catering especially to crossdressers and transgenders, is a cafe owned by a 46-year-old man who goes by the female name Lee Cho-rong. "...Many people in South Korea don't really understand the difference between gay and transgender. I'm not gay. I was born a man but eager to live as a woman and be beautiful," said Lee..." in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.yna.co.kr/Engnews/20060523/480100000020060523094019E8.html">S. Korea in dilemma over transgender citizens right to choose</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070817101936/http://english.yna.co.kr/Engnews/20060523/480100000020060523094019E8.html">Archived</a> 2007-08-17 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.yna.co.kr/Engservices/6800000000.html">Yonhap News Agency</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070717185425/http://english.yna.co.kr/Engservices/6800000000.html">Archived</a> 2007-07-17 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 2007-07-22.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ammonnews.net/article/208487">"News reporting an average of 2-3 Jordanians per year officially change their gender"</a>. Ammon News (in Arabic). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180616033235/https://www.ammonnews.net/article/208487">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2020.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Singapore1-228"><a href="#cite_ref-Singapore1_228-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHeng2005" class="citation web cs1">Heng, R. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011160736/http://yawningbread.org/guest_2005/guw-101.htm">"Where queens ruled! - a history of gay venues in Singapore"</a>. <a href="IndigNation" title="IndigNation">IndigNation</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yawningbread.org/guest_2005/guw-101.htm">the original</a> on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 22 July 2007. <q>...Even if we take Bugis Street as a starting point, we should remember that cross-dressing did not emerge suddenly out of nowhere. Across Asia, there is a tradition of cross-dressing and other forms of transgender behaviour in many places with a rich local lexicon and rituals associated with them....</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-HongKong1-229"><a href="#cite_ref-HongKong1_229-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFEmerton2006" class="citation journal cs1">Emerton, R. (2006). "Finding a voice, fighting for rights: the emergence of the transgender movement in Hong Kong". Inter-Asia Cultural Studies. 7 (2): 243–269. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14649370600673896">10.1080/14649370600673896</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145122793">145122793</a>. <q>...Hong Kong's transgender movement at its current stage, with particular reference to the objectives and activities of the Hong Kong Transgender Equality and Acceptance Movement...</q></cite>

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<li id="cite_note-HongKong2-230"><a href="#cite_ref-HongKong2_230-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHung2007" class="citation web cs1">Hung, L. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927052144/http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ant/gender/7Feb07.doc">"Trans-Boy Fashion, or How to Tailor-Make a King"</a>. Gender Studies programme of The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ant/gender/7Feb07.doc">the original</a> on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 22 July 2007. <q>...there are many archetypal flamboyant embodiments of female-to-male transgender physicality living and displaying their unrestrained, dashing iconic presence...</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Taiwan1-231"><a href="#cite_ref-Taiwan1_231-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHo2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Josephine_Ho" title="Josephine Ho">Ho, J.</a> (2006). "Embodying gender: transgender body/subject formations in Taiwan". Inter-Asia Cultural Studies. 7 (2): 228–242. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14649370600673888">10.1080/14649370600673888</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43951816">43951816</a>. <q>...specificities of Taiwanese transgender existence in relation to body- and subject-formations, in hope to not only shed light on the actualities of trans efforts toward self-fashioning, but also illuminate the increasing entanglement between trans self-construction and the evolving gender culture that saturates it...</q></cite>

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<li id="cite_note-PRC1-232"><a href="#cite_ref-PRC1_232-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHahn2005" class="citation news cs1">Hahn, L. (13 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011212746/http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/06/13/talkasia.xing.scirpt/">"Jin Xing TalkAsia Interview Transcript"</a>. <a href="CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/06/13/talkasia.xing.scirpt/">the original</a> on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 22 July 2007. <q>...Aware that he often felt more like a woman than a man, Jin Xing underwent a sex change in 1995; a daring move in a conservative Chinese society...</q></cite>

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<li id="cite_note-PRC3-233"><a href="#cite_ref-PRC3_233-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGoldkorn2006" class="citation news cs1">Goldkorn, J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070827131506/http://www.danwei.org/newspapers/post_28.php">"Transsexuals in the Chinese media again"</a>. Danwei. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.danwei.org/newspapers/post_28.php">the original</a> on 27 August 2007. Retrieved 22 July 2007. <q>...At one point in 2003, there was so much media coverage of transsexuals in China that Danwei started a special section for it...</q></cite>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secondary_scholarly_sources">Secondary scholarly sources</h4></div>

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<li><cite id="CITEREFBouman2020" class="citation journal cs1">Bouman, Walter Pierre (8 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7430473">"Sumamus exordio: International Journal of Transgender Health"</a>. International Journal of Transgender Health. 21 (1): 1–2. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15532739.2020.1709316">10.1080/15532739.2020.1709316</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7430473">7430473</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33015654">33015654</a>.</cite></li>

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<li><cite id="CITEREFCurrah2006" class="citation book cs1">Currah, Paisley (2006). "Gender Pluralisms Under the Transgender Umbrella". In Currah, Paisley; Juang, Richard M.; Minter, Shannon (eds.). Transgender rights. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8166-4311-3</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/68221085">68221085</a>.</cite></li>

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<li><cite id="CITEREFEkinsKing1999" class="citation journal cs1">Ekins, Richard; King, Dave (1999). "Towards a Sociology of Transgendered Bodies". <a href="The_Sociological_Review" title="The Sociological Review">The Sociological Review</a>. 47 (3): 580–602. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-954X.00185">10.1111/1467-954X.00185</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144738527">144738527</a>.</cite></li>

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<li><cite id="CITEREFReisnerConronScoutMimiaga2014" class="citation journal cs1">Reisner, S. L.; Conron, K.; Scout, N.; Mimiaga, M. J.; Haneuse, S.; Austin, S. B. (13 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/lgbt.2013.0018">"Comparing In-Person and Online Survey Respondents in the U.S. National Transgender Discrimination Survey: Implications for Transgender Health Research"</a>. <a href="LGBT_Health_(journal)" title="LGBT Health (journal)">LGBT Health</a>. 1 (2): 98–106. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Flgbt.2013.0018">10.1089/lgbt.2013.0018</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26789619">26789619</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211023070532/https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/lgbt.2013.0018">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFStryker2008a" class="citation book cs1">Stryker, Susan (2008a). Transgender History. Berkeley, CA: Seal Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-58005-690-8</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1162214303">1162214303</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFStryker2008b" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Susan_Stryker" title="Susan Stryker">Stryker, Susan</a> (1 January 2008b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://read.dukeupress.edu/radical-history-review/article-abstract/2008/100/145/22107/Transgender-History-Homonormativity-and">"Transgender History, Homonormativity, and Disciplinarity"</a>. Radical History Review. 2008 (100): 145–157. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F01636545-2007-026">10.1215/01636545-2007-026</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404185132/https://read.dukeupress.edu/radical-history-review/article-abstract/2008/100/145/22107/Transgender-History-Homonormativity-and">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFTowleMorgan2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Susan_Stryker" title="Susan Stryker">Towle, Evan B.</a>; <a href="Stephen_Whittle" title="Stephen Whittle">Morgan, Lynn M.</a> (18 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SfqOAQAAQBAJ&dq=The%20authors%20note%20that,%20increasingly,%20in%20social%20science%20literature,%20the%20term%20%27third%20gender%27%20is%20being%20replaced%20by%20or%20conflated%20with%20the%20newer%20term%20%27transgender&pg=PA666">"Romancing the Transgender Narrative: Rethinking the Use of the 'Third Gender' Concept"</a>. In <a href="Susan_Stryker" title="Susan Stryker">Stryker, Susan</a>; Whittle, Stephen (eds.). The Transgender Studies Reader. New York: <a href="Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>; Hoboken: <a href="Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1135398842</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1120816658">1120816658</a>. Retrieved 24 September 2024.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFTraversBauerPyneBradley2012" class="citation journal cs1">Travers, Robb; Bauer, Greta; Pyne, Jake; Bradley, Kaitlin; Gale, Lorraine; Papadimitriou, Maria (2 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://transpulseproject.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Impacts-of-Strong-Parental-Support-for-Trans-Youth-vFINAL.pdf">"Impacts of Strong Parental Support for Trans Youth"</a> (PDF). TransPulse Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230616103314/https://transpulseproject.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Impacts-of-Strong-Parental-Support-for-Trans-Youth-vFINAL.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2023.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWhittle2002" class="citation book cs1">Whittle, Stephen (2002). Respect and Equality: Transsexual and Transgender Rights. London Portland, OR: Cavendish Pub. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-85941-743-0</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/810082841">810082841</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFZucker2019" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Kenneth_Zucker" title="Kenneth Zucker">Zucker, Kenneth J.</a> (2019). "Adolescents with Gender Dysphoria: Reflections on Some Contemporary Clinical and Research Issues". <a href="Archives_of_Sexual_Behavior" title="Archives of Sexual Behavior">Archives of Sexual Behavior</a>. 48 (7): 1983–1992. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10508-019-01518-8">10.1007/s10508-019-01518-8</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31321594">31321594</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:197663705">197663705</a>.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reference_works">Reference works</h4></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAPA2018" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apa.org/monitor/2018/09/ce-corner-glossary">"A glossary: Defining transgender terms"</a>. Monitor on Psychology. 49 (8): 32. September 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230712061634/https://www.apa.org/monitor/2018/09/ce-corner-glossary">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFAPA2024" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apa.org/topics/lgbtq/transgender-people-gender-identity-gender-expression">"Answers to your questions about transgender people"</a>. <a href="American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a>. 8 July 2024 [9 March 2023]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240915204021/https://www.apa.org/topics/lgbtq/transgender-people-gender-identity-gender-expression">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2024. Retrieved 24 September 2024.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBritannica2024" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/transgender">"Transgender"</a>. <a href="Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. 18 September 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240923051020/https://www.britannica.com/topic/transgender">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2024. Retrieved 24 September 2024.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFranklin2014" class="citation book cs1">Franklin, Kolbe (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NAjmBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA740">"Transgender Lifestyles"</a>. In Forsyth, Craig J.; Copes, Heith (eds.). Encyclopedia of Social Deviance. <a href="SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1483364698</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGLAADn.d." class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glaad.org/reference/trans-terms">"Glossary of Terms: Transgender"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.glaad.org/reference">GLAAD Media Reference Guide</a> (11th ed.). <a href="GLAAD" title="GLAAD">GLAAD</a>. n.d. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240923094038/https://glaad.org/reference/transgender/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2024. Retrieved 23 September 2024.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMartin2015" class="citation web cs1">Martin, Katherine (June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150814051905/http://public.oed.com/the-oed-today/recent-updates-to-the-oed/june-2015-update/new-words-notes-june-2015/">"New words notes June 2015"</a>. Oxford English Dictionary. <a href="Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://public.oed.com/the-oed-today/recent-updates-to-the-oed/june-2015-update/new-words-notes-june-2015/">the original</a> on 14 August 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2015.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPetronzio2014" class="citation web cs1">Petronzio, Matt (13 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mashable.com/2014/06/13/lgbt-pride-symbols/">"A Storied Glossary of Iconic LGBT Flags and Symbols"</a>. <a href="Mashable" title="Mashable">Mashable</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403014428/https://mashable.com/2014/06/13/lgbt-pride-symbols/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2019.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMerriam-Webstern.d." class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170413060630/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/transgender">"transgender"</a>. <a href="Merriam-Webster_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Merriam-Webster Dictionary">Merriam-Webster Dictionary</a>. n.d. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/transgender">the original</a> on 13 April 2017.</cite><code class="cs1-code">{{cite web}}</code>: CS1 maint: year (link)</li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="News_coverage">News coverage</h4></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAllday2023" class="citation news cs1">Allday, Erin (24 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/s-f-trans-march-draws-thousands-participants-18166474.php">"S.F. Trans March draws thousands of participants"</a>. <a href="San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231215033723/https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/s-f-trans-march-draws-thousands-participants-18166474.php">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2023.</cite></li></ul>

<cite id="CITEREFAP2024" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-news/trans-adults-florida-blindsided-new-law-also-limits-access-health-care-rcna87723">"Trans adults in Florida 'blindsided' that new law also limits their access to health care"</a>. <a href="NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. <a href="Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 5 June 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2024.</cite>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBlakemore2022" class="citation web cs1">Blakemore, Erin (24 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/how-historians-are-documenting-lives-of-transgender-people">"How historians are documenting the lives of transgender people"</a>. National Geographic. Retrieved 14 January 2024.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBlank2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Blank, Paula (24 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2014/09/cisgenders-linguistic-uphill-battle/380342/">"Will the Word "Cisgender" Ever Go Mainstream?"</a>. <a href="The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180513081542/https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2014/09/cisgenders-linguistic-uphill-battle/380342/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2021.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCBC2013" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/nenshi-proclaims-trans-day-of-visibility-1.1329205">"Nenshi proclaims Trans Day of Visibility"</a>. <a href="Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130404005217/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/story/2013/03/31/calgary-trans-day-awareness.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2013.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFClark-Flory2015" class="citation news cs1">Clark-Flory, Tracy (15 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vocativ.com/culture/lgbt/detransitioning-male-female-male-again/">"Detransitioning: Going From Male To Female To Male Again"</a>. <a href="Vocativ" title="Vocativ">Vocativ</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170831043258/http://www.vocativ.com/culture/lgbt/detransitioning-male-female-male-again/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2017.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFEaston2022" class="citation news cs1">Easton, Rob (27 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/census-data-trans-non-binary-statscan-1.6431928">"'Historic' census data sheds light on number of trans and non-binary people for the first time"</a>. <a href="CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220427233104/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/census-data-trans-non-binary-statscan-1.6431928">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGarloch2016" class="citation news cs1">Garloch, Karen (9 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.charlotteobserver.com/living/health-family/article76580862.html">"What it means to be transgender: Answers to 5 key questions"</a>. <a href="Charlotte_Observer" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlotte Observer">Charlotte Observer</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220182205/http://www.charlotteobserver.com/living/health-family/article76580862.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2016.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFM.H.2017" class="citation news cs1">M.H. (1 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2017/09/01/why-transgender-people-are-being-sterilised-in-some-european-countries">"Why transgender people are being sterilised in some European countries"</a>. <a href="The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180322125936/https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2017/09/economist-explains">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMyers2018" class="citation news cs1"><a href="Alex_Myers" title="Alex Myers">Myers, Alex</a> (14 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/human-interest/2018/05/trans-terminologys-constant-evolution-is-good-for-everyone.html">"Trans Terminology Seems Like It's Changing All the Time. And That's a Good Thing"</a>. <a href="Slate_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Slate Magazine">Slate Magazine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180515012348/https://slate.com/human-interest/2018/05/trans-terminologys-constant-evolution-is-good-for-everyone.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2018.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRayner1979" class="citation magazine cs1">Rayner, Claire (2 June 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/c7bd5024c16745aeb82e7b8513470d20">"Crossing Over"</a>. <a href="Radio_Times" title="Radio Times">Radio Times</a>. <a href="BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a> (published 6 June 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230607045655/https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/c7bd5024c16745aeb82e7b8513470d20">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2023.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSimon2017" class="citation web cs1">Simon, Ray (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211111041638/https://www.eriegaynews.com/news/article.php?recordid=201711lgbtalphabetsouporigin">"Stirring up the origin of the 'alphabet soup'"</a>. <a href="Erie_Gay_News" title="Erie Gay News">Erie Gay News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eriegaynews.com/news/article.php?recordid=201711lgbtalphabetsouporigin">the original</a> on 11 November 2021.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSudborough2022" class="citation news cs1">Sudborough, Susannah (22 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/news/local-news/2022/06/22/rita-hester-trans-remembrance-day-mural-allston-boston-rixy-pride-michelle-wu/">"Rita Hester's murder and legacy are important to Boston, so she's getting a mural in Allston"</a>. <a href="Boston.com" title="Boston.com">Boston.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230530154554/https://www.boston.com/news/local-news/2022/06/22/rita-hester-trans-remembrance-day-mural-allston-boston-rixy-pride-michelle-wu/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other">Other</h4></div>

<ul><li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aclu.org/issues/lgbtq-rights/transgender-rights">"Transgender Rights"</a>. <a href="American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230520004324/https://www.aclu.org/issues/lgbtq-rights/transgender-rights">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2023.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCDC2020" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210218143833/https://www.cdc.gov/lgbthealth/transgender.htm">"Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Health: Transgender Persons"</a>. <a href="CDC" class="mw-redirect" title="CDC">CDC</a>. <a href="U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Health and Human Services">U.S. Department of Health and Human Services</a>. 29 September 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/lgbthealth/transgender.htm">the original</a> on 18 February 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2020.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCleveland_Clinic2022" class="citation web cs1">Cleveland Clinic (8 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240927174628/https://health.clevelandclinic.org/afab-and-amab-meaning">"AFAB and AMAB: What the Sex You're Assigned at Birth Means for Your Health"</a>. <a href="Cleveland_Clinic" title="Cleveland Clinic">Cleveland Clinic</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://health.clevelandclinic.org/afab-and-amab-meaning">the original</a> on 27 September 2024. Retrieved 27 September 2024.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDallara2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Dallara, Angela (4 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110803205502/http://glaadblog.org/2011/02/04/groundbreaking-report-reflects-persistent-discrimination-against-transgender-community/">"Groundbreaking Report Reflects Persistent Discrimination Against Transgender Community"</a>. GLAAD blog. <a href="Gay_and_Lesbian_Alliance_Against_Defamation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation">Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation</a>. Archived from the original on 3 August 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2021.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFord2014" class="citation news cs1">Ford, Zack (27 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thinkprogress.org/lgbt/2014/08/27/3476435/transgender-pride-flag/">"Transgender Pride Flag Designer Applauds Smithsonian LGBT Artifacts Collection"</a>. ThinkProgress. United States of America. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032253/http://thinkprogress.org/lgbt/2014/08/27/3476435/transgender-pride-flag/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2015.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFloresConron" class="citation web cs1">Flores, Andrew R.; Conron, Kerith J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/how-many-people-lgbt/">"How Many People are Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender?"</a>. <a href="Williams_Institute" title="Williams Institute">Williams Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150425174542/http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Gates-How-Many-People-LGBT-Apr-2011.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 25 April 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2023.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGEO2018" class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/721642/GEO-LGBT-factsheet.pdf">Factsheet: Trans People in the UK</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="Government_Equalities_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Equalities Office">Government Equalities Office</a>. 3 July 2018. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781786556738</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220408195457/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/721642/GEO-LGBT-factsheet.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGLAAD2023" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glaad.org/transgenderism-definition-meaning-anti-lgbt-online-hate/">"Online Anti-LGBTQ Hate Terms Defined: "Transgenderism""</a>. <a href="GLAAD" title="GLAAD">GLAAD</a>. 2 November 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240212123554/https://glaad.org/transgenderism-definition-meaning-anti-lgbt-online-hate/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2024.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFICTLEP1992" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.cristanwilliams.com/2012/03/19/1992-international-conference-on-transgender-law-and-employment-policy/">"First International Conference on Transgender Law and Employment Policy (1992)"</a>. organizational pamphlet. ICTLEP. 1992. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120330144938/http://research.cristanwilliams.com/2012/03/19/1992-international-conference-on-transgender-law-and-employment-policy/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2012.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFJamesHermanRankinKeisling2016" class="citation report cs1">James, Sandy E.; Herman, Jody L.; <a href="Sue_Rankin" title="Sue Rankin">Rankin, Susan</a>; <a href="Mara_Keisling" title="Mara Keisling">Keisling, Mara</a>; Mottet, Lisa; Anafi, Ma'ayan (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/usts/USTS-Full-Report-Dec17.pdf#page=115">"De-Transitioning"</a> (PDF). <a href="National_Center_for_Transgender_Equality" class="mw-redirect" title="National Center for Transgender Equality">The Report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey</a> (Report). Washington, DC: <a href="National_Center_for_Transgender_Equality" class="mw-redirect" title="National Center for Transgender Equality">National Center for Transgender Equality</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180121184448/https://transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/usts/USTS-Full-Report-Dec17.pdf#page=115">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2018. Retrieved 18 March 2019.</cite></li>

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</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFHaimson2025" class="citation book cs1">Haimson, Oliver L. (2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://direct.mit.edu/books/oa-monograph/5913/Trans-Technologies">Trans Technologies</a>. <a href="MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780262382571</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSellers2011" class="citation news cs1">Sellers, Mitchell D. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120311062923/http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/360/">"Discrimination and the Transgender Population: A Description of Local Government Policies that Protect Gender Identity or Expression"</a>. Applied Research Projects. <a href="Texas_State_University-San_Marcos" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas State University-San Marcos">Texas State University-San Marcos</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/360">the original</a> on 11 March 2012.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFThanemWallenberg2016" class="citation journal cs1">Thanem, Torkild; Wallenberg, Louise (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-101903">"Just doing gender? Transvestism and the power of underdoing gender in everyday life and work"</a>. Organization. 23 (2): 250–271. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1350508414547559">10.1177/1350508414547559</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144150015">144150015</a>.</cite></li>

<li><a href="Z_Paige_Lerario" class="mw-redirect" title="Z Paige Lerario">Lerario, Z Paige</a>, "Voice Training for Transgender People: Speech therapy and language strategies can help save lives", <a href="Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>, vol. 328, no. 1 (January 2023), p. 55. "Voice training is less costly and invasive than a throat operation... Through sessions with a licensed speech-language pathologist, transgender people learn to control pitch, resonance, word choice and other vocal behaviors.... Such training can improve quality of life, reduce voice-related disability and boost self-confidence."</li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Transgender_and_gender_non-conforming_topics523" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #D5DFCE;"><div id="Transgender_and_gender_non-conforming_topics523" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Transgender_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender topics">Transgender and gender non-conforming</a> <a href="Outline_of_transgender_topics" title="Outline of transgender topics">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D5DFCE;;width:1%"><a href="Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">